How the Railway Labor Act Affected Bargaining in the Aviation Industry Essay

How the Railway Labor Act Affected Bargaining in the Aviation Industry - Essay Example (Joined Airlines CEO, 2000) In the aircraft business, bartering is regulated by the National Mediation Board (NMB) under the RLA. In the last 50 years the RLA, as applies to the aircraft business, has brought about strikes in under 3 percent everything being equal. Despite this, most carrier the board sees the procedure required by the RLA as old-fashioned and broken (Ex-Gov. Goldschmidt, 2003) The railroad work demonstration of 1926 was the principal significant work enactment passed by the U.S. Congress. Rather than shaping principles that applied to the entire of U.S. Industry, it focused on the railroad business, at that point the most significant piece of the transportation business in U.S. (Haggling Under the Railway Labor Act). The demonstration's motivation was basically to supplant hits with haggling, intervention, and intercession as an approach to determine work questions. The demonstration likewise denied businesses from constraining specialists to deal through organization overwhelmed associations. (Aggregate Bargaining) There are two manners by which the RLA delays or wipes out strikes out and out: the demonstration drags out the procedure of aggregate haggling; as the demonstration necessitates that the gatherings have been discharged by the NMB 30 days before a strike can occur, where the date of discharge is the sole circumspection of the NMB. (Aggregate Bargaining) Second, the RLA requires compulsory arbi... (Aggregate Bargaining) Both worker's organizations and managers profited by the RLA. Laborers, who needed to have the chance to sort out themselves and to get the best possible consideration from bosses to haggle new understandings and implement existing ones, got what they needed. So did the railroad organizations. The Congress had concluded that trade must be continued moving in light of a legitimate concern for general society, and along these lines commanded that laborers, notwithstanding any questions, must work now and lament later. Thus managers won the option to prop business up regardless of progressing work debates. (Railroad Labor Act, 2005) There are a few special cases to the work presently, lament later rule, in any case. Laborers are permitted to decline to work when they have a sensible conviction that the work is risky, and when work being requested is in away from of the agreement. Notwithstanding, if the organization can make a sensible guarantee that the agreement legitimizes the work being mentioned, at that point the worker is required to work, and report any complaints later. (Dealing Under the Railway Labor Act) Under the RLA, the initial phase in contract arrangements are immediate dealings, which are exchanges without the intercession of the NMB. Understandings additionally don't have intrinsic lapse dates under the RLA-termination dates must be set inside the understanding itself. Consequently the understanding stays enforceable, and is the norm, until any change is settled upon by the two gatherings. (Haggling Under the Railway Labor Act) The RLA permits strikes over significant questions (or debates that worry the creation or change of the aggregate haggling understanding) just if the entirety of the RLA's exchange

Nano- and Micro-Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nano-and Micro-Technology - Essay Example The term nanotechnology was utilized by N. Taniguchi of the University of Tokyo in 1974, at micrometer scale (Slator, 2002). All things considered, it's been over five decades since Richard Feynman discussed the Nano segments around us and we are into 21st century. In spite of the fact that the utilization of nano-parts has not gone to our day by day use, yet the manner in which mainstream researchers is buckling down, it shows up very sensible in times to come. The minuscule innovative advancements on the nanometer size of 0.1 to 100 nm is by all accounts proceeding with conventional pace. Hocken et al. (2008) characterize nanotechnology as the examination, improvement and preparing of materials, gadgets, and frameworks in which structure on a component of under 100 nm is basic to acquire the necessary utilitarian presentation. Subsequent investigations have demonstrated that when materials are diminished to nano-scale, they begin displaying various kinds of properties, when contrasted with their exhibitions in full scale structure. This demonstrates nano-structures can demonstrate supportive in empowerin g one of a kind applications. The conventional top-down methodology in miniaturized scale creation process infers that we break or cut greater materials into littler parts. In this methodology we create nano-objects from a bigger parent element with the assistance of lithographic designing procedures. The top-down methodology utilizes the customary workshop or small scale manufacture strategies with remotely controlled tools1. Richard Feynman, while proposing that 'there's a lot of room at the base', stated, We can mastermind the particles the manner in which we need . . . the very particle. . . right down! around then he could unmistakably imagine the top-down methodology. The nano-manufacture advances like photolithography, nanomolding, plunge pen lithography and nanofluidics are a few instances of top-down methodology. The top down methodology has been utilized for creating tissue designing frameworks by controlling the pore geometry, size, dissemination and spatial geometry2. Then again the base up approach shows that we gather littler articles and fabricate a bigger valuable substance. This method utilizes the atomic self get together substance process. For this situation nanomaterials or structures are manufactured from the development of iotas or particles in a controlled way that is managed by thermodynamic methods, for example, self-assembly3. So as to come out with quality manufacture in the base up approach, forming of the nano-object and incredibly exact, nanometer-scale control in situating the item is of essential significance (Berger, 2009). Whatever may be the methodology in creating the nano-structures, it includes exact control and control of nuclear particles and atoms. Fig-1 delineates the contrast between top-down and base up approaches. Nanotechnology holds extraordinary potential in making new materials and gadgets with applications in differing fields like medication, vitality creation, buyer hardware and so forth. In drugs it very well may be utilized in diagnostics, avoidance just as treatment. Some significant

Tournament of Books Week 1 Commentary

Tournament of Books Week 1 Commentary Jeff O’Neal and Morgan Macgregor are both huge  Tournament of Books fans. So, they decided to read all the finalists and do some running commentary as the tournament progresses. Check back weekly for our obsessive coverage.   ____________________________ JO: Just two matches to kick things off last week, but the story from our end is the Lightning Rods victory, which you saw coming. Binelli’s judging was sort of strange, but the crux of the decision was this: Salvage the Bones seemed too MFA-y and he admired DeWitt’s commitment to an absurd premise. I don’t know what you think, but this seems to me a classic example of how writers see things differently than readers. (My guess is that most common readers would pick Salvage the Bones.) MM: There’s no doubt that it probably alienated a lot of readers that Binelli seemingly chose to reward effort rather than a finished product (or an MFA, which is a whole other debate). That’s certainly one of the most interesting things about the Tournament; some of the judges are writers, and some are not. Personally, I like that aspect of it, but I’m sure there’s another camp that takes issue with it. If I’m being completely honest, I would recommend Salvage the Bones to someone  let’s say to a random person, the average reader, asking me for advice  before Lightning Rods, but that’s only because I know my tastes tend towards the perverse and the absurd. I know “the average reader” is a rather absurd notion in itself, but there does seem to be one, and I wouldn’t hand her Lightning Rods. But (!)  if I were judging this round, and it were my job to choose which book I myself liked best, I’d have gone with with DeWitt, too. Binelli will probably get some b acklash on the MFA-bashing, but ultimately he chose the book he liked best, which is, in the absence of any formal judging criteria, the definition of “judge.” MM: Curious: what did you think of Lightning Rods? JO: You know how some Saturday Night Live sketches get turned into movies and while you’re watching it you think “This was funny as a sketch, but not sure there’s enough for a whole movie”? That’s about how I felt. It seemed to me like one of the vignettes from The Decameron, just novel-length. Now, I thought it was interesting and readable in its own way, but I would have gone with Salvage the Bones, though it too has its problems, some of which I thought Binelli nailed (like say, being a bit heavy-handed at times). JO: In the other match, Emma Straub picked The Sense of the Ending over Devil All The Time. Straub made it seem like it was closer than we might have thought, but at the end mentions how she hates conflict, so who knows if Devil All the Time really had any kind of shot. The key moment is when Straub wrote that she would be more likely to re-read The Sense of an Ending and that seemed to tip the scales finally toward Barnes. I think this is pretty interesting idea and one that many of us use to rank and evaluate narrative art. MM: This one was so interesting to me, because I totally disagree with Straub’s rendering of The Devil All The Time as masterfully plotted. I think it’s rather a mess, though the writing itself is quite good. I see eye-to-eye with her on The Sense of An Ending, though, and experienced the same sort of resistance turning into utter surprise that she did. I’d say she took somewhat of a more “objective” approach to judging than Binelli, and I agree with her choice, but I’m a little dumbfounded that she would hand The Devil All The Time “to every writer who thinks that plot is scary, as an example of how complicated and delicious novels can be.” I’d hand it to every writer who thinks they can do it all, as a prime example of a novelist trying to do just that, and failing. I too would read The Sense of An Ending again before I’d reread The Devil All the Time, but some of my very favorite books are ones I know I’ll never read again; they were like experiences that I l ived through, that changed me, that I will remember forever, and that I never want to (or can’t) go back to. Like high school. JO: I think the official Tournament commentary should also be on the table for us to discuss. Their analysis of the Ward/DeWitt match was mostly about why Salvage the Bones was initially overlooked by the critical establishment before its National Book Award win. In the main, John Warner suggested that critics value what they have read over what they haven’t (as do we all, except when it comes to Ulysses). The conventional logic goes like this: if critics don’t review books, readers don’t find them. I think what we’re learning these days is that that is less and less true. I’m just not sure how much reviews in mainstream venues matter any more. Surely, they mean something, but my sense is that something means less and less. If there is a disconnect between what critics review and what wins awards, what do we make of the disconnect between both of those things and what people are actually reading (check out any bestseller list, save maybe the independent bookseller list)? It’s quite rare that there is any overlap between the critical/award complex and the common reader. Laura Miller claiming Harbach and Eugenides as popular picks is sort of like Obama saying he is closer to the common man than Mitt Romneyaint none of them close. MM: I think it really depends on where you live. Over the holidays, I worked in a bookstore on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, and I can say with confidence that almost every single customer who shops in that store both reads and avidly follows the Times reviews. We had each week’s edition hanging on the wall behind the counter, and were often asked to pull it down to a customer to refer to. Even more often, book buyers came in with snippets cut out from the paper, and they’d just hand it to us and say, “I want these books.” Then I came back to LA, where reviews are totally obsolete, sometimes laughably so. I really like what Kevin said: “What I really think has been lost as our collective books discussion migrates from newspapers and splinters into billions of little cubbies on the internet is a common book culture. Book coverage on the web is fantastic and rich, but on the internet (where you are your own gatekeeper) it’s also easy to wander around in some kind of Esc her drawing made from one’s own tastes and biases.  That said, newspaper reviews are going to have to catch up to the rest of us, as it were, if they want to get back in the game (which I’d like them to). The “traditional” book review, published in the newspaper, is something that’s increasingly only relevant to isolated communities of readers, who perhaps have their own Escher drawing of tastes and biases. JO: Well, an independent bookstore on the Upper East Side is probably as insulated from the main of contemporary literary culture as you can get. Its like the 1970s up there. But, it does represent a segment of serious readers who depend on critics. MM: We also need to define “critic,” here. Bloggers aren’t critics, nor are most of the people writing about books on the internet. That’s fine. But I think there is still a place for professional literary critics, and I think that they should indeed be driving our “collective books discussion.” I just think they need to broaden their scope, stop being lazy about the job they’re paid to do, and stop trying to pass off plot summaries as reviews. JO: Im not sure that we do need to define critic. I think we might just need to recognize that there are different ways of writing about books. I mean, we dont need to define chicken to know that its different than popcorn; we can tell the difference as we experience it. MM: Do you think that book culture on the internet is creating two “types” of readers? It seems to me there are readers who follow the blogs, follow the Indie awards, and generally look for interesting, under-the-radar stuff, and then there are people who read the newspaper, read the National Book Award and Pulitzer prize winners, and couldn’t even guess how many indie publishing houses we have in this country. Of course, you have the overlap the small community of serious book bloggers and reviewers that do both but it’s just that: small. JO: Actually, I think the book internet is creating a third type of reader. Before, I think there were your NYT-following readers and then your more common reader who reads genre and commercial fiction. There was some overlap, but I think the web allows interested readers to avoid falling into either to the exclusion of everything else. Many of the people I know who are active online read literary fiction, YA, graphic novels, narrative non-fiction, and essay as part of their reading lives: I think that before the internet, it was extremely hard to be informed enough about these at the same time to keep up with them. Now, you can. Part of it is that you get review space online for YA and graphic novels that just doesn’t happen in mainstream media. If I have to choose between a common book culture and a fractured book culture that has people leading more diverse, fulfilling reading lives, I am going with the latter, though the former might be more fulfilling to me personally, since m y reading habits would map rather neatly onto what once was mainstream book culture. Sign up to Unusual Suspects to receive news and recommendations for mystery/thriller readers.

Supply Chain Model Improves Relationship Management

Target’s Supply Chain In today’s business world, gaining and maintaining a competitive advantage is key to longevity in business. The goal of a given business is to meet the expectations of its customers better than competitors whilst increasing revenue. Implementing an effective supply chain model can serve to increase efficiency whereas implementing an effective demand chain model improves relationship management. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate an understanding of the supply chain and its relationship to the demand chain by analyzing the Target Corporation’s supply chain and assessing its efficiency and if it meets demand chain expectations. Ranked at number 92 on Forbes 2015 world’s most valuable brands, Target Corp was founded by George Draper Dayton in 1962 and headquartered in Minnesota. Target grew from 977 stores in early 2000 in 46 states to 1,790 stores, including the Super Target and City Target footprints, in 49 states in January 2015. Earlier this year, Targe t decided to close its 133 Canadian stores less than two years after opening the first one in 2013. Critics believe blamed a â€Å"dysfunctional supply chain† as Target’s Achilles heel (SupplyChain247). Overview of Target’s Supply Chain Target’s purpose and belief, as clearly stated on its website, is that Target’s guest should â€Å"expect more, pay less†. It is this organizational philosophy that has propelled this retail giant to quick success. 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This paper will discuss a key issue that Toyota has faced and how they can utilize communication software to improve the business relationship between supplier and Toyota. Operations Improvement Plan Introduction Toyota Overview Toyota is one of the leading manufacturers of vehicles in the United States and across the globe. Toyota is ranked #55 in Forbes, World’s BiggestRead MoreIntegrated Thinking : E Business And Supply Chain Management Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesDepartment of management systems Final assignment Integrated thinking: E-business and Supply Chain Management E-business lets us turn big chunks of data into information which can be used to increase sales and allows us to share this information with our business partners via the internet. E-business uses the internet to link retailers with their suppliers and customers. Supply chain management focusses on integrating steps of the supply chain both internally and externally. 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Modular knowledge contains the individual characteristics and functions in different components respectively. The knowledge of different types of product and innovation divides the different components in the supply chainRead MoreRelevant Types Of E Business Models1701 Words   |  7 PagesRelevant types of e-Business models In this case analysis, we use the term e-Business as a broader definition of e-Commerce (EC), not just solely describing the buying and selling of goods and services, but conducting all kinds of business online such as servicing customer, collaborating with business partners, delivering e-learning, and conducting electronic transactions within an organisation. This has to be stated since in some sources, the terms EC and e-Business are considered equivalent. E-CommerceRead MoreSupply Chain Management1259 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Supply chain management is a valuable practice whose purpose is to offer businesses a competitive advantage in the market place. According to Jacoby, D. (2010), some companies like Walmart and Dell have applied this system to gain a competitive advantage in the market while others have failed to apply it owing to its complexity. Companies require adequate and accurate information about all the players in the chain management in order for them to meet their consumers, demands whileRead MoreE Procurement System : Information Technology Based System1384 Words   |  6 Pagesis an information technology based system which is at the input end of the supply chain. These systems have been increasingly connected and embedded with other infrastructures to initiate growth of the companies. Due to which, they have become an integral part of the supply chain management. E-procurement system can improve the effectiveness of operation processes and transparency of supply chain since it helps to improve the efficiency of value creation. E-procurement has four functions: e-design

Violence and Freedom- Exploring the Use of Violence to...

The role of violence in the liberation of peoples from systems of domination is necessarily entwined to the concept of freedom. Herbert Marcuse and Frantz Fanon argue that violence, in various forms, is the only reasonable rebuttal to the abhorrent system of subjugation, whether it is in shape of something as transparent as apartheid to thinly veiled laws that take away the rights of humans under the capitalist system. To even understand the relationship between freedom and violence it has to be established what it is even meant by the phrase â€Å"violence† while simultaneously attempting to understand what means are necessary to achieve this end. Furthermore, what does it mean to be â€Å"violent† and is it always acceptable to use violence as†¦show more content†¦Violence and freedom are inexorably linked because of this conflict between two groups wherein freedom is withheld utilizing violence as a means to uphold the status quo; it should be obvious the n that violence is the only retort to the use of force to deny freedom. The very act of denying freedom to those that seek it is a violent act therefore, according to Marcuse, violence against the oppressors is justifiable because it is merely â€Å"counterviolence† (â€Å"Ethics and Revolution† 137). Here, Marcuse also examines the historical role of violence in bringing about dramatic change, positing that there are numerous historical â€Å"situations in which violence becomes the necessary and essential element to progress† (â€Å"Ethics and Revolution† 137). It can be seen, historically speaking, that the liberation of peoples does not come without a violent struggle between two or more groups. Marcuse’s stance is almost solely based on the examination of historical revolutions, providing himself and his readers with ample evidence that emancipation only occurs violently. This is not to say that change can only happen with the utilization of bloodshed but that revolutionary change can only occur in such a manor. Radical change requires the reconstruction of an existing system therefore implying that destruction, a necessarily violentShow MoreRelatedNstp Handouts13038 Words   |  53 Pagescontinually re-chosen as a person matures. As a person grows, he/she is continually choosing values and fashioning his/her hierarchy of values. Looking at the problems being faced by every Filipino at this point, one can surmise that oppression, violence, greed, exploitation, environmental degradation and corruption are by-products of a decrepit and twisted value system. As Filipinos, we should realize that if we want to see a better Philippines, we should break this culture of corruption and oppressionRead MoreHow Fa Has the Use of English Language Enriched or Disrupted Life and Culture in Mauritius15928 Words   |  64 Pageslost a valued friend, and was likely dealing with this conflict herself. At the start of the poem, she uses the word â€Å"Immortality,† which would likely imply that there is an afterlife, and the spirit of her friend is living on there. However, the fifth stanza of the poem describes a house buried in the ground, one that is certainly inaccessible to anyone trying to enter. In the next stanza, she uses â€Å"Eternity† instead of â€Å"Immortality.† Combined with the buried house, this word choice has a very differentRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesblack consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressed a society. But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recording business in the late twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesfor getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect

Leadership of Martin Luther Free Essays

Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) was a catholic priest and a theology professor in the late 15th and early 16th century. He was also a central protagonist during the reformation movement In the 16 century, which fathered what Is now known as the protestant reformation. Martin Luther has subsequently become one of the most recognized and Influential leaders In the history of the Charlatans Church. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership of Martin Luther or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leadership Defined: The ecclesial context of Lather’s leadership Those who try to fine leadership will find themselves at a disadvantage due to the limitations of language. To illustrate this disadvantage: we understand that a â€Å"ball† is a â€Å"spherical object that we play with. † But depending on the context, a ball can be understand as many different things. In football, we play with a ball but it is not spherical. The sun however, is a spherical ball, but we cannot play with it. We can describe a fun time as having a ball, even though we are not playing with a ball. We can also go to a ball, even though we may not be having a ball. We will rarely have difficulty in understanding the meaning that Is being expressed In all these situation. The same cannot be said for leadership because the word will Invoke different meanings for different people In different situations (Morehouse, 2010). Rewords Describe the definition of Leadership in Morehouse and Hickman, possibly touch on servant leadership in Hickman as the overall â€Å"Nature† of Lather’s leadership. Try to give examples that would support servant leadership or whatever leadership he expressed. Rewords Traits and Skills Martin Luther exhibited many of the qualities of what Morehouse describes as trait dervish. The premise of trait leadership Is that certain traits are perceived as more crucial than others In order to lead effectively (Morehouse, 2010). These traits are generally endowed within the leader and cannot be learned. â€Å"Some of these traits that are central to this this Include Intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability’ (Morehouse, 2010, p. 19). When comparing Martin Luther with these traits, it is easy to see how he naturally exhibited many of them. For example: outside his obvious professorship, Martin Luther was a very intelligent man. His Ninety-Five Theses objected to several traditional catholic practices, but they were intended as a scholarly dispute with a tone of inquisition. Also, Martin Luther possessed tremendous amounts of self-confidence. He challenged the most powerful religious institution in the history of mankind because he was so confident that he alone was correct and that they were the ones in error. He was eventually excommunicated but he still remained determined to stand for his conviction about catholic dogma. Martin Luther was effective with this method of leadership. HIS Intelligence appealed too many while his classically helped him begin his own church by 1526. HIS determination to hold biblical truths as higher then catholic traditions prompted him to translate the New Testament in the vernacular of the people by allowed people to have the same access to these biblical truths. Martin Luther also demonstrated many of the skills that Morehouse associates with successful leaders. Briefly define traits Rewords Martin Luther traits and how that contributed to his effectiveness (give examples) Rewords Briefly define skills Rewords How to cite Leadership of Martin Luther, Papers

Irrational Ideas About Eating

Question: 1. Outline some of the possible consequences of consuming an irrational diet?2. Discuss the long term effects of obesity on the human body?3. Compare manufacturers claims, public perception and the scientific evidence on the benefits or otherwise of vegetable spreads compared with butter?4. Describe the general benefits to health of regular moderate exercise?5. Research the benefits and health hazards associated with a specific type of exercise (e.g. high impact exercise, weight training?6. Evaluate public perception to the use of different types of drugs including alcohol, nicotine (tobacco), marijuana and cocaine? 7. For a name d drug describe the possible benefits (if any) and the health risks associated with short term or long term consumption? Answer: Outline some of the possible consequences of consuming an irrational diet? An irrational diet can be irrational in terms of quality, quantity or both. It could mean that the person believes in certain myths that are illogical. For example, that one must eat all the food on the plate, one must have three large meals a day, that one must eat one is very full, that one must eat to feel better emotionally, that one must have meat at every meal and so on. Consequences of eating an irrational diet are obesity, diabetes, and other related complications like hypertension and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand people who tend to diet as a way of life can also consume irrationally low quantity of food due to factors that make them feel fat, fear of overeating, withdrawal and looking inwards and other irrational outcomes of a poor diet. Discuss the long term effects of obesity on the human body. The long term effects of obesity on the human body are numerous that challenge the well being of a person. Coronary heart disease is a condition where consumption of fats in the diet and a sedentary lifestyle lead to the build up of a waxy substance that forms plaques inside the coronary arteries, the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Angina or heart attack can be the consequence. Hypertension can result as a consequence of long term obesity. Stroke can occur if the build up of plaque in the arteries ruptures causing the formation of a blood clot. If the clot is in a blood vessel close to the brain it can cause stroke. Type 2 diabetes occurs when the blood sugar is higher than normal. The body cells are unable to use insulin properly. Initially the body responds by making more insulin but even that fails to control blood sugar. Other implications of obesity are: abnormal blood fats, metabolic syndrome, gall stone formation and sleep apnoea. Compare manufacturers claims, public perception and the scientific evidence on the benefits or otherwise of vegetable spreads compared with butter. Aseem Malhotra, interventional cardiology specialist, at the Croydon university hospital, London writes in the British Medical Journal that the real issue in cardiovascular disease is dyslipidaemia that is caused by intake of trans-fats meaning that butter is not unhealthy as previously believed (Malhotra 2013). Consumption of butter when accompanied with moderate physical activity does not lead to central obesity. But studies have always placed the trans-fat containing margarine made with hydrogenated fats in the category of foods that cause increase in cholesterol and unhealthy blood fat figures. Advertisements of margarine have only emphasized on the feel good factor of fat consumption, they do little to tell the truth. Sarah Boseley, health editor at The Guardian has quoted cardiologist Aseem Malhotra who has carried out studies that prove the benefits of butter over the trans-fat containing margarine. Describe the general benefits to health of regular moderate exercise. Regular moderate exercise for five days a week has several health benefits. Coupled with strength training exercise it helps to reduce weight and maintain a normal weight. It curtails the risk of cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, stroke and some cancers. Exercise causes release of endorphins which help to reduce stress (Physical activity for health). It also relieves symptoms of anxiety and depression. Improvement in cognitive functions of the elderly is a benefit for ageing people who choose to exercise regularly. Fitness of heart-lung and muscles is another advantage of exercise. People who exercise also tend to sleep better. Cancer of colon and breast can be prevented with exercise. Research the benefits and health hazards associated with a specific type of exercise (e.g. high impact exercise, weight training). The benefits of high impact exercise like running and gymnastics. Done in the right proportion of total exercise it can help improve bone density. Too much of high impact exercise can strain muscles and joints and cause wear and tear. Long term high impact exercise can cause crippling effects if neglected. Body weight training is a better option than lifting weights according to experts. The former provides benefits to tendons, ligaments and muscles whereas lifting weights is associated with several injuries. It prevents tendonitis and arthritis to which weight lifters are more prone. Evaluate public perception to the use of different types of drugs including alcohol, nicotine (tobacco), marijuana and cocaine. Public perception on drug use is basically divided on the basis of whether the person expressing judgement about drug use is a user or a non user. Non users are tilted heavily against drug use of any kind. They even have negative perceptions against the two legalised drugs alcohol and tobacco and often question why society accepts these two drugs as acceptable even though multiple health issues can arise from uncontrolled use. The other kind of perception belongs to the users. This group tries to justify their use of drugs in several ways. This group claims that using even illegal drugs in the privacy of their homes without affecting anyone outside should be a matter of personal choice and that banning drugs impinges on their rights. Their argument is that when alcohol and tobacco which are also debilitating in many respects are legalised there is no reason why other drugs should be prohibited. For a name d drug describe the possible benefits (if any) and the health risks associated with short term or long term consumption. Alcohol has been the fermented drink for millennia. According to the article, Alcohol, the full story Its safe to say that alcohol is both a tonic and a poison. Taken in moderation with respect to dose and frequency, alcohol has been shown to have benefits. It can be good for heart health and improves circulation. Some studies say that it has protective action and protects from type 2 diabetes. Even gallstone formation can be prevented by exercising restraint in alcohol consumption. Red wine is supposed to have antioxidants and help in raising the good cholesterol. On the other hand irrational and uncontrolled consumption of alcohol has several disadvantages. Drunken driving is the major cause of fatal accidents around the world. Health implications of over drinking are liver and heart damage, harm to the unborn foetus. It increases the risk of breast and other cancers. It can lead to depression, violence and cause serious family issues. References Irrational ideas about eating. Available from move.va.gov. Meikle, J. The Guardian. Nearly 75% of men and 65% of women in UK to be overweight by 2030 Study. The effects of under-eating. Available fromhttps://eating-disorders.org.uk/information/the-effects-of-under-eating/ Available from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Obesity/Pages/Introduction.aspx Boseley, S. 2013. Butter and cheese better than trans-fat margarines, says heart specialist. The Guardian. Blue Band Maargarine , Good good feeling. Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cr6MJxi_aYg Holmberg, S. Thelin, A. (2013). High dairy fat intake related to less central obesity: A male cohort study with 12 years follow-up. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, vol. 31, no.2, pp 89-94. Physical activity, Available from https://www.patient.co.uk/health/Physical-Activity-For-Health.htm The negative impact Available from https://www.lifecoachhub.com/coaching-articles/the-negative-impacts-of-weight-lifting-versus-bodyweight-training High School, Available from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/high-school-youth-trends Available from https://samples.jbpub.com/9781449613693/13693_CH01_0001.pdf Alcohol drugs. Available from: https://www.human-resource-solutions.co.uk/HR-Policy-Pages/Alcohol-Drugs/Alcohol-Drugs.htm Fats explained. British Heart Foundation. Available from: https://www.bhf.org.uk/heart-health/preventing-heart-disease/healthy-eating/fats-explained Malhotra, A. (2013), Saturated fat is not the major issue, British Medical Journal, 347, f6340. Alcohol and Drug Policy. Available from https://www.essex.ac.uk/hr/whh/docs/WHHLtdAlcoholdrugspolicy.pdf.

Qualitative Approach Used While Assessing Academic Progress after Introduction of Technological Changes and Professional Development Programs

Table of Contents Introduction Purpose Statement Research Hypotheses Background Significance of the Research Methodology Reference List Introduction The assessment of effectiveness of students’ academic performance is significant for further improvements and measures that may be taken to change the situation at school or any other educational institution. In this respect, it is necessary to evaluate the current situation and conduct research to evaluate the situation after implementing changes. Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Qualitative Approach Used While Assessing Academic Progress after Introduction of Technological Changes and Professional Development Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The evaluation should concern the methods of teaching as claimed by students (measure if students are satisfied with teaching methods and practical implementation of curriculum using a rubric); instance s of technology use in classes, student and faculty attitudes, or changes in teaching practices should be measured as well. Analysis of changes in the situation can show how effective the changes can be and what areas of academic activity should receive more attention even after implementation of changes into academic curriculum. Purpose Statement The purpose of the research consists in the evaluation of situation at an educational institution after the introduction of changes. The research is sure to demonstrate the most vulnerable areas of academic curriculum and technological advancement. The results of the research will become the evidence for implementation of further practices into academic curriculum and professional development sessions. The purpose of the current research consists in assessment of effectiveness of changes and consideration of their further implementation. Research Hypotheses The introduction of changes can affect all parties concerned and it is important t o know how effective the changed are in terms of academic progress and satisfaction of students from practical implementation of academic curriculum. If the changes are really effective, researchers should share their experience and claim to make changes at a national level regarding all educational institutions of different academic levels. If the changes prove to be ineffective, it is necessary to question a necessity of further application of those practices in the educational institution under consideration and prevent other institutions that face similar problems from introducing those changes. In this respect, it is necessary to evaluate academic progress and effectiveness of teaching methods used by tutors after completion of professional development sessions and skills gained during those sessions to make students interested in class activities and get a feedback and constructive criticism on the strategies used after the reform.Advertising Looking for assessment on e ducation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Background It is necessary to note that every greater change involves minor changes that are sure to affect all areas relevant to the main field that should undergo changes. In this respect, it would be really interesting to take into account Guskey’s (1986 as cited in Walpole McKenna, 2004, p.188) research and implementation of heuristic approach. â€Å"†¦staff development sessions [should] be targeted directly to changing teacher practice, that data collected to track the effects of that changed practice on student outcomes, and that these changes in student outcomes influence changes in teachers’ beliefs and attitudes† (Walpole McKenna, 2004, p.188). As the knowledge gained during professional development sessions can be applicable to real life situation in terms of education, teachers are expected to implement theory into practice during their classes, hence improving students’ understanding of the material and raising their interest and encouraging participation and constructive feedbacks on the curriculum and activities in class. Significance of the Research The research is significant due to its original idea to investigate the academic progress of students through their personal assessment of the changed curriculum, technological approach, and design. Analyzing students’ opinion, it is easier to explore the situation from inside, thus, learning the effectiveness of changes implemented after professional development sessions and other alterations introduced into academic process. The importance of the research concerns the analysis of data and assessment of effectiveness of methods used to improve the academic curriculum, methods of teaching, and students’ involvement into activities. Methodology The qualitative approach should be used for more effective collection and analysis of data. It is necessary to compl ete a survey so that all aspects were covered. As the research should be designed including two parts such as collecting information and evaluation of gathered data, the surveys and criteria should be designed correspondingly. Thus, the collecting part should be designed in the form of a survey so that every student, parent and teacher could assess the situation concerning academic curriculum, technological implementation of innovations, and teaching methods. Lodico, Spaulding, Voegtle (2010) report about the parents’ participation in evaluation of the situation in academic curriculum ad progress of students (p.36); thereby, parents’ assessment of the situation is of crucial importance as it enables researchers to analyze the situation in general as viewed by all parties concerned. Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Qualitative Approach Used While Assessing Academic Progress after Introduction of Technological Changes and Professional Devel opment Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is necessary to complete questionnaires for parents and distribute those among parents during parents-teachers conferences. This will enable researchers to get a feedback from parents as well as from students. Surveys can be considered the most appropriate method for applying qualitative approach to the institution (Creswell, 2003, p.5). The assessment criteria should be presented in the form of a rubric to define the practices applied to the academic curriculum as those that appeared to be effective, partially effective, or ineffective. Reference List Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. Lodico, M., Spaulding, D. T., Voegtle, K. H. (2010). Methods in educational research: from theory to practice. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley Sons. Walpole, S., McKenna, M. C. (2004). The literac y coach’s handbook: A guide to research-based practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press. This assessment on Qualitative Approach Used While Assessing Academic Progress after Introduction of Technological Changes and Professional Development Programs was written and submitted by user Moderate Kid to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

10 Facts for a Research Proposal on Financial Accounting

10 Facts for a Research Proposal on Financial Accounting The objective of this guide is to help you understand a specific study area and to introduce how a research on financial accounting should be done. The main objective of a research proposal is to show that the topic you want to investigate is significant enough to carry out research, the methods and strategies you’d be using are suitable and feasible, and the results are likely to be fruitful. This is a complete guide that holds all the keys and factors that you will need to prepare a research proposal. Welcome to our initial guide that focuses on facts for a research proposal on Financial Accounting. Our second guide is all about financial accounting topics which will help you decide on a specific idea to ground your paper on. To make things easier we will be providing you with a sample essay on one of the topics out of 20 so that you can get a clear picture and know how to write an interesting and detailed essay.   Our final guide covers tips and tricks that make a research propose to look legit. Valid Facts for a Paper on Financial Accounting: Financial Accounting is a particular branch of accounting that tracks a company’s money exchange transactions. It works towards the planning and handling of financial statements used to judge a company’s financial standing. Finance and accounting help run finances by controlling assets including liquid assets (cash). Finance covers important data such as expenditure and earning, which tells if a business is in profit or loss. All this information is critical to assess a business. Accounting works on the objective of providing relevant and decision-making information that represents an organizations economic activities. The guidelines and standards required to do that are called GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). However, countries like United States, Japan, Columbia, Malaysia, India, and Russia are also taking IFRS into consideration. Financial statements tend to display a formal record of the economic activities of an entity. These are composed reports that measure the financial strength, execution, and liquidity of an organization. Financial statements also reflect the financial exchanges and the events of an entity There are three types of fnancial statements: A) Statement of Financial Position: This represents the financial position of entities on specific dates. Also known as balance sheet, it consists of three parts. Namely, Assets (Capital etc), Liabilities (Credit, loan etc) and Equity (Assets minus Liabilities). B) Income Statement: It represents an organization’s performance i.e Profit and Loss over a specified time. Comprised of two parts namely, Income (Sales, Revenue etc) and Expense (Salaries, rents etc). C) Cash Flow Statement: A statement that shows how cash flows over some specified time. It is segmented into three parts: Operating Activities (Cash flowing from primary activities), Investing Activities (Involves purchasing but excluding inventories), Financing Activities (income spent or created on raising and paying debts with interest). The very first book on accounting that got published was in 1494. Divided into five parts, it provided useful information on Arithmetic, Geometry, and Proportions. The person who contributed to this was none other than the â€Å"Father Of Accounting†, Luca Pacioli. However, Luca didn’t invent the system, he just explained the methods in his book which were already being used by merchants in Venice. Auditing involves verification of financial transactions and determines the financial position of a company. While conducting an audit, the auditor examines the accounting mechanism, records, financial exchanging transactions according to auditing standards. The inspector then puts forward an opinion concerning the fairness of the money handling according to standard accounting rules. There is a possibility of four standard opinions, which are: Unqualified Opinion: This statement implies that all materials were made accessible, observed to be fair, and met all auditing prerequisites. This proves to be a favorable opinion that can be given by an auditor about an organizations operations and records. Qualified Opinion: This type of statement is issued when an organization’s materials are in order but they do not abide by GAAP principles and their financial records are not sufficient. Adverse Opinion: Such an opinion isn’t good for an organization’s repo. It means that it lacks accuracy when it comes to financial statements of materials and transactions. Disclaimer of Opinion: This opinion is a red light for the company. It states that they didn’t provide sufficient information on their records and transactions. In this case, the auditor refuses to give an opinion which is termed as Disclaimer of Opinion. Financial reporting, for the most part, includes reporting financial data to administration, investors and government about how an organization is performing over a particular span of time. Deceptive Financial Reporting may be deliberate or done mistakenly. It includes reporting false numbers or hiding important details. Accounting is now done using computer tools that offer great productivity and less margin for errors. These were the facts we put up for you. We hope they turn out to be beneficial for you and help you in your end goal which is writing a good research proposal. References: Barry Elliott and Jamie Elliott, (2011),   Financial Accounting and Reporting  koledza.lv/best/download/biblioteka/Financial_Accounting.pdf Geoff Black, (2005), Introduction to Accounting and Finance. homas P. Edmonds University of Alabama, Birmingham Frances M. McNair Mississippi State University, Philip R. Olds Virginia Commonwealth University, Edward E. Milam Mississippi State University,(1995), Fundamental Financial Accounting Concepts (8th edition). Jerry J. Weygandt, Donald E. Kieso, Paul D. Kimmel, (2013), Financial Accounting. Alexander, D., Britton, A., Jorissen, A., (2005),   International Financial Reporting and Analysis, Second Edition. Taylor, Peter, (2002),   Book-Keeping Accounting for Small Business. Business Economics Hey-Cunningham, David, (2002), Financial Statements Demystified. Allen Unwin

Eric's Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eric's Case Study - Essay Example Such schooling/training expands one’s vision to available opportunities and strategies, and inculcates professionalism. Business plans reflect the professional approach to entrepreneurism. Key words: Small businesses, entrepreneurs, competition, customer preferences, survival, growth. Eric: A Case Study for Small Business Entrepreneurs Q. 1: Factors for success/failure of small businesses Entrepreneurship is characterized by either family tradition or an individual’s desire to break free from routine - to give expression to adventurous ideas. Eric falls in the later category and has been exhibiting traits of an entrepreneur – be it in his vision to head a large and successful corporation in later life or his demonstrated risk taking ability in starting two small ventures and selling them off even before he reached the age of 20 or his determination to pursue college education on full time basis for long-term success. The main ingredients of success for small busi nesses, as Eric would vouch for us, are enthusiasm for backing an idea with hard work, firm belief and commitment to ideas, practical thinking as opposed to sentimental approach, and the importance of formal training for achieving higher goals. As Milton Friedman famously stated, â€Å"The social responsibility of business is to increase its profit† (The New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970). All businesses, and more so the small businesses, must make adequate profits to survive and grow and in Eric’s case, it has been the profits from his ventures that kept him self-sustained and are now enabling him to join college for full time. On the other hand, had Eric not backed his ideas with hard work or was afraid of competition or was content to hang on to his profitable ventures for sentimental or other reasons, his small businesses would have failed in the long run for want of competitive edge. In market conditions characterized by intense competition, small busine sses fail if they do not adapt to changing customer preferences. Finally, formal training through college education brings in its wake a clearer perspective of the market opportunities, competitive forces and strategies for survival and growth of businesses. Q. 2: Business plan A business plan is a document that gives shape to the vision of an entrepreneur and to that extent helps the key management team to assume ownership the business idea and work towards its success. It is also presented to investors for availing financial support and is essentially a road-map for the proposed business from inception to the time of repayment of loan and interest (Ed., ehow.com, 2011). Its key components are briefly described as below: Cover letter: While forwarding the business plan document, the cover letter spells out the request being made for financial support on behalf of the business in a legally binding manner between the loan seeker and the loan giver. It identifies the parties to a deal and commits to discuss details and offer any clarifications that may be needed. Executive summary: Executive summary is especially meant for senior managers/decision makers, to quickly grasp the key elements of a proposal and decide whether it is worth their time to go into details or not. Hence this is a very important document in marketing a proposal for financing by investors. Company background: It spells out the credentials of a company and its promoters. In respect of existing companies, it briefly describes the lines of business,

A written analysis of the nature of Practitionr research Essay

A written analysis of the nature of Practitionr research - Essay Example Practitioner research has been employed as a means of bridging the gap between practice and theory. Teachers have been urged to use practitioner research, specifically action research in order to improve education and reconstruct knowledge (Berker, 1992). Other areas of practice, including health, agriculture, and the social sciences have also not been left behind in their use of practitioner research, as they are seeking to improve their knowledge base, and eventually bridging the gap between theory and practice (Fox, et.al., 2007). Various discussions on practitioner research have been forwarded, including its nature, values, and underlying activities. This paper seeks to explore the nature of practitioner research. It shall explore various issues pertaining to ethics, especially in relation to practitioner research. Firstly, it shall discuss the youth mentoring and how practitioner research applies to this field. Secondly, the importance of ethical applications in practitioner res earch will also be established. Lastly, an analysis of practitioner and action research will be carried out. Youth mentoring is a process that entails a linking of mentors with the youth, especially those that require the care of responsible adults (Rhodes and Liang, 2009). More often than not, the responsible adults (mentors) are not relatives of the mentored youths. At most, these mentors serve as volunteers under a community-based program catering to the needs of the youth population. Most definitions of the mentoring processes have revolved around the idea that an older and more experienced person would assist a much younger and less experienced individual to go through developmental stages and transition towards bigger responsibilities (Rhodes and Liang, 2009). The motive for the establishment of mentoring programs is primarily on assisting youths in their transition into adulthood. In other cases, mentoring programs have also been established in order to curb and control delin quent behaviours. In the past decades, various mentoring programs have emerged in different parts of the world (Spencer, 2007). Moreover, the number of youths under the mentoring programs has also increased drastically (Spencer, 2007). Mentors have often entered into the mentoring programs with much enthusiasm. However, concerns on the efficacy of the mentoring programs have emerged in recent years. In particular, questions have been seen on whether or not the current state of the mentoring programs is effective and ethical (Rhodes and Liang, 2009). These questions relate to the fact that the mentor has a far greater power over the student. The power differential, in other words can be abused by the mentor. On the other, as the mentor and the student develop a closer relationship, the lines between mentor and student may be blurred (Goudreau, 2010). The National Youth Mentoring Program framework is a booklet that stipulates all that should done to ensure that all the mentoring progr ams attain the desirable goals. In relation to practitioner research, this discussion on the youth mentoring program shall now consider the foundations of the program, as well as the benefits it can bring in improving youth mentoring and in improving the healthy development of the youth. Background of youth mentoring p

The Horse Dealers Daughter

The Horse Dealers Daughter D.H. Lawrences, The Horse Dealers Daughter, tells a timeless love story of Mabel and Jack, two people of totally different social standings, falling in love. After the death of Mabels father her and her three brothers are left to be on their own. While Mabels three brothers know where they are going to go and what each of them is going to do, Mabel is still undecided. Mabel is a stubborn, hardheaded girl who does not have much to say, to anyone. And when Jack Fergusson comes through the door of their house, Jack is the last person Mabel ever expected to fall in love with, or even have Jack fall in love with her. Jack Fergusson is a successful doctor, who did not think much of Mabel. Without either of them knowing it they were brought together after Mabel tried killing her self. Love has a strange way of choosing two people for each other, but it always seems to work out. Love is a powerful thing and despite how similar or different two people may be, love will find its way and this i s shown between Mabel and Jack through the use of the symbol of the pond, the plot, and each character themselves. Mabel and Jacks love can be shown through the symbol of the pond. The pond is a symbol that can be interpreted in many different ways; one being it symbolized love (Lu 8). Mabel felt it be at her best interest that she would be better off with her mother, who is dead. She preferred to follow in her mothers footsteps (Hebert). With that, came the thought that she should just kill herself. Without knowing it, the pond was the thing that brought Jack and Mabel together. As she was walking slowly into the pond Jack watched her. As Lawrence stated in the text he followed her minutely as she moved (743). This shows that he had an interest in her and what she was doing. After realizing what Mabel was doing Jack rushed down to the pond to save her (Lawrence 744). Jack showed his true love for her when he entered the water to save her, even though he could not swim. Jack did what any doctor would do and saved her life, after he brought her from the pond he made the water come from her mouth ( Lawrence 744). After Jack saved Mabel he tended to her at Mabels home. As that is one interpretation of the pond, the pond can also show a rebirth. Before Mabel tried to kill her self she was very shy and hardly talk to anyone. Just like their love, he did not know he loved her nor did Mabel know she loved Jack. Jack and Mabel had no real interaction before. After coming out of the water they both realized that they felt something for each other that was never expected. They were brought together by this incident, and there after Jack and Mabel showed their love for each other. While the pond shows Jack and Mabels love through symbolism, the plot also helps prove the theme to they story. The plot also helps prove the theme of the story. With the plot being when Mabel tried to kill herself, this is when both she and Jack first showed their love for each other. Through all the events that happened between Mabel walking into the water and the end of the story where Jack says they must marry (Lawrence 748), they fell deep into love. When Mabel asked Jack, Do you love me, then? (Lawrence 745) it took Jack a while to answer, although he knew that he did love her and Mabel knew he loved her. As Mittlemen said in her article, before the incident Jack had never indicated the he had any love for Mabel (4). In fact before the incident Mabel did not show her love for Jack, nor did she know she had any love for him. After he saved her neither of them could help but show their feelings for each other. The plot of the story helped them to revel their love for each other. They were meant to be together and one-way or another love was going to bring the both of them together. And aft er Mabel tried to kill herself they were together, just like they were destined to be. As the plot helps prove the theme, each character, Jack and Mabel, help as well. Each character, Jack and Mabel, help to prove the main theme the story has to show. Mabel is a part of the lower class of people, who has to buy the cheap groceries (Mittleman). While Jack is a successful doctor who is high class and is considered in the upper part of society. At the beginning of the story Mabel had no idea what she was going to do with her life, so she resulted to go with her mother, but Jack saved her from making that decision. Mabel and Jack are part of two totally different social standings. With that being that is the reason why neither of them thought they would ever fall in love. Starting off Mabel was stubborn and did not really show any liking towards Jack. They are two different people who had thought they had no feelings for one another. Jack shows his kindness towards Mabel. He accepts her for who she is and what she has to bring to the table. Jack knows that she is at the low part of society but he does not let that bother him. Once he realizes that he l oves Mabel, he will not let anything stand in the way of that. He say at the end of the story, Were going to be married, quickly, quickly-tomorrow if I can. (Lawrence 748) This shows that he has true feelings for her and Jack wants her to know that. Mabel, on the other hand, knows that he loves her and she loves him to but she starts to feel horrible. Mabel feels that she is not good enough for him and she does not understand why he loves her, Lawrence stated (748). Jack and Mabel over came the differences they had. They would not let anything stand in the way of their love. They love each other and they each prove that through their characters. Although all three points, symbolism of the pond, the plot, and each character, Jack and Mabel prove the theme, there can be an argument made that each of these literary elements do not help prove the theme of the story. The symbolism of the pond does not help prove the theme of the story because Jack is a doctor and he was doing his job of saving a life, but Jack had been watching her and he rushed to save her from making a mistake he did not want her to make. Also, people would argue that the plot does not show that love is a powerful thing because it does now show that they are brought together, it shows a doctor saving a life. But after the incident he tells her that he loves her and wants to be with her. Another argument can be made that the characters of Jack and Mabel do not show the theme because each of them are different in their own ways and have no true connection but despite their differences they came to love and care for each other. Although each point can be argued ag ainst, each literary element ties into the theme of the story. Jack and Mabels love is shown through the symbol of the pond, the plot of the story and each character themselves. The pond represented love; in a way that it made each of them realize that they really did love each other. The pond also symbolized a rebirth. After Jack saved Mabel she was more outspoken and was not shy anymore. Also after they came out of the water, so did their love. Jack and Mabel let their love for one another out. The plot of the story brought them together and made them realize that they had a deep love for each other. And each character proved that no matter how different two people are they could still fall in love. It is hard to find love when one is looking, but some people do not know that the person they are meant to love could be right in front of their eyes. Love comes to a person when they are not looking. And weather or not they think that certain someone is the one, love will prove them wrong. Love is an unstoppable thing that people have no control o ver.

The Debt: An Economic Catastrophe Essays -- essays research papers fc

The Debt: An Economic Catastrophe Few national economic issues have generated the same kind of concern as has the federal debt problem of Canada. There is a pressing need for long-term policies to lift Canada out of the national debt hole it is in. Eliminating the debt will not only free up money being spent on interest and reduce taxes, but make Canada a more feasible place for future generations to live and work. Interest on the debt has eroded the government's ability to fund its own operations and essential social services. Presently, thirty-five cents of every tax dollar the federal government raises is used for interest payments alone on the debt. Though there have been operating surpluses within the federal government, they have been eaten up by the debt interest payments. Few people understand the devastating effects of compound interest. The debt, at a compound rate of 10%, doubles in seven years, quadruples in fourteen years, and is eight times as much in twenty-one years. This creates great difficulty for governments to slow the debt, much less eliminate it. Our federal debt grows all by itself to the tune of approximately ninety million dollars every day. This may seem hard to digest, but it is reality. The need for debt elimination is vital if Canada wants to free up billions of dollars being spend on interest payments. Two approaches may be taken to this. First, an increase in government revenues through higher taxation may be considered. However, taxes are a...

Chemistry and Biotechnology Essay

ABSTRACT Elemental analysis of organic compounds determine the elements present in them but they do not give the actual structure or the functional groups present. Since all organic compounds contain hydrogen and carbon, most tests consist of only the determination of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and halogens – elements that are most of the time the only ones involved in organic compounds. The experiment focused on the Sodium Fusion test, which tested for all elements except oxygen. In the test, the test compound is broken down into its elements, which then bond individually with sodium. The presence of sulfur was tested either with lead acetate or sodium nitroprusside. The presence of nitrogen was tested with ferrous ammonium sulfate and potassium fluoride. The presence of any halogen was tested by a flame test with copper wire and the identification of the exact halogen was done using silver nitrate. Careful experimentation was needed in order to avoid false positive and false negative r esults. Keywords: elemental analysis, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, halogens, sodium fusion, lead acetate, sodium nitroprusside, flame test[pic] INTRODUCTION Organic compounds are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen, and in certain functional groups, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and halogens. When presented with an unknown organic compound, it is at times enough to determine the elements present in the compound and not the exact functional groups. The process in which the elements of a compound are determined is called elemental analysis. One of the tests done to conduct elemental analysis is the Sodium Fusion Test. In this experiment, sodium fusion test is used in elemental analysis of qualitative determination of elemental halogens, sulphur and nitrogen in a sample. Sodium is a very strong reducing agent that will able to break up the organic compounds carbon atom chain. It also will convert the atoms which are covalently bonded to the carbon chain to inorganic ions. The elements are detected by sodium fusion test. The organic compound is fused with metallic sodium to convert these elements into ionic mixture which dissolved in water and the filtrate is used to perform the tests. The sodium fusion test, in some texts known as the Lassaigne’s test, was developed by the French chemist, Jean Louis Lassaigne in the 1800’s. It is a general test performed in order to determine the presence of nitrogen, sulfur and halogens. The principle behind the test is the breakdown of the compound into its elements at high temperatures. The breakdown of a compound into its elements is possible for organic compounds as they do not dissociate and form ions when dissolved in a liquid unlike salts and other ionic compounds. These elements then fuse with sodium. These sodium compounds are then the ones tested with different solutions that reveal the presence or absence of the above elements. A limitation of this test is that it cannot test for the presence of oxygen, however, the presence of oxygen can easily be determined through the determination of the actual functional groups in the compound. It is a general test for the detection of halogens, nitrogen and sulphur in an organic compound. These elements are covalently bonded to the organic compounds. In order to detect them, these have to be converted into their ionic forms. This is done by fusing the organic compound with sodium metal. The ionic compounds formed during the fusion are extracted in aqueous solution and can be detected by simple chemical tests. The extract is called sodium fusion extract or Lassaigne’s extract (Wikipedia, 2012.) When an organic compound is heated strongly with sodium, any halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur will be converted into inorganic sodium salts such as sodium halide (for halides), sodium cyanide (for nitrogen), sodium sulfide (for sulfur), and sodium thiocyanate (for sulfur and nitrogen).The nitrogen is confirmed with ferrous sulfate i.e. iron sulfate. In this experiment, the Sodium Fusion Test was used in order to determine the elements present in an unknown compound. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was divided into 2 parts; the first part was the sodium fusion test while the second part consisted of the tests for specific elements. For the first part of the experiment, a piece of sodium metal was washed with hexane and then placed in a completely dry test tube. It was made sure that the test tube was completely dry because any drop of water in the test tube would result to an explosion due to the highly reactive property of sodium. The test tube with the sodium metal was then heated until the metal has melted. Once the vapor has reached a third of the test tube, it was removed from heating and 0.5g/15ml of the sample was added to it. The mixture was then reheated until the fusion has been completed. A successful fusion was noted by a small explosion or flash. The mixture was removed from heating. Once the mixture has cooled to room temperature, 1ml of ethanol was added to it and the mixture was again heated until a dull red mixture was obtained. This was done with constant stirring. Once the dull red mixture was obtained, the test tube was immersed in 10ml distilled water and was broken using a glass rod. The mixture was stirred and it was made sure that no residue was left on the stirring rod.; it was then heated to boiling and filtered using an ashless filter paper and the residue was kept aside. For the second part of the experiment, tests for sulfur, nitrogen and halogens were performed. The test for sulfur could be done in two ways: the lead acetate test and the sodium nitroprusside test. For the lead acetate test, 1ml of the sodium fusion filtrate was first tested with blue litmus paper. Acetic acid was then added dropwise until the solution becomes acidic. A few drops of 1% lead acetate solution were added to the solution and the formation of a black precipitate indicated the presence of sulfur. The sodium nitroprusside test was done by adding 2 drops of 2% sodium nitroprusside to 1ml of the sodium fusion filtrate, with the formation of a deep blue-violet color an indication of the presence of sulfur. The test for nitrogen was done through the Lassaigne Test or the Prussian Blue Test. 1ml of the sodium fusion filtrate was adjusted to pH13 through the addition of 10% NaOH solution. 2 drops of each freshly prepared ferrous ammonium sulfate solution and 30% potassium fluoride solution. The mixture was then heated to boiling and acidified through the addition of 3M sulfuric acid drop wise until the iron hydroxides have been dissolved. A positive result was indicated by the formation of a dark blue solution or precipitate. The test for halogens was done in two parts – the first part, called the Beilstein’s test was the test for the presence of halogens while the second test was the test for the identity of the halogen if it is present. For the Beilstein’s test, a copper wire with a loop at the end was heated using a Bunsen burner until no color was imparted on the flame. It was then cooled and dipped into the sodium fusion filtrate and then burned again. The appearance of a green flame was the indication of the presence of halogens. For the test for the specific halogen present, 2ml of the sodium fusion filtrate was tested with blue litmus paper. It was then acidified through the drop wise addition of 5% nitric acid solution and boiled slowly for a few minutes. The solution was then cooled and filtered if a precipitate was formed. 2 drops of 0.1M silver nitrate solution was then added to the filtrate. The formation of white, pale yellow or yellow precipitate indicated the presence of chlorine, bromine and iodine respectively. The results can be further verified through the continuous addition of 0.1M silver nitrate in ethanol in order to precipitate all the halogens. The precipitate was then tested with 2ml of 5% ammonium hydroxide. Dissolving of the precipitate indicated the presence of chlorine. Slight dissolving indicated the presence of bromine while insolubility indicated the presence of iodine. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The following table shows the results of the elemental analysis tests and the flowchart shows the correct steps of the elemental analysis (basing on the identity of the unknown and not on the experimental results): |Cl |- |S |- | |Br |- |N |Present | |I |- |Metal |- | |F |− | | | During the sodium fusion test, the unknown organic compound was heated to very high temperatures and as a consequence, was broken down into its elements. In the presence of sodium, the compound can form different products depending on the elements present. These products can be NaCN, Na2S, NaI, NaCl or NaBr, since the most common elements found in organic compounds other than carbon,hydrogen and oxygen are nitrogen, sulfur and the halogens. For the unknown compound, sulfur was present and so Na2S was formed. If the sulfur was tested with lead acetate, the following reaction occurred: [pic] The reaction leads to the formation of PbS, which is a black precipitate. If sulfur was tested with sodium nitroprusside, the following reaction occurred: [pic] The ionic solution formed was of a deep violet color. For the unknown compound, nitrogen was presend and so NaCN was formed. For the test for nitrogen, the following reaction occurred: [pic] [pic] [pic] The resulting product is of the Prussian blue color; it was either a solution or a precipitate. The unknown compound did not contain halogens but if it did, the following reaction would have occurred for the Beilstein’s Test: [pic] In determining the actual halogen present, the following reactions occurred: AgCl, AgBr and AgI are while, pale yellow and yellow precipitates respectively. If the sodium fusion test was done in limiting sodium and both sulfur and nitrogen were present in the compound, the thiocyanate ion would be formed during the fusion instead of the cyanate ion. A blood color would emerge from the nitrogen test due to the following reaction: [pic] The organic compounds to be analyzed consist of basically of a chain of carbon atoms which various other atoms are attached. Since these elements are covalently bonded to the carbon chain, it is unable to dissolve in water to form cations and anions. However, sodium fusion test can be used to reduce those atoms that are covalently bonded to the carbon chain to inorganic soluble ions since sodium is a very strong reducing agent. In the Lassaigne’s test, the nitrogen can be reduced to form cyanide ions, CN-: [pic] For sulphur, it had been reduced to form sulfide ion, S2- in Lassaigne’s test as shown in the following: [pic] If both nitrogen and sulphur are present in the organic compound at the same time, then the chemical reaction below will take place in the test: [pic] If halogens (Cl, Br, I) are present in the compound, the halogens will be reduced to form halide ions (Cl-, Br-, I-) during the sodium fusion test. [pic] The inorganic ions in aqueous solution could be easily observed after undergo certain tests which can indicates the presence of elements in the particular compounds. In the cyanide test, the filtrate of compound A was added with ferrous sulfate, a dark green precipitate was formed. The formation of ferrous hydroxide was produced from the reaction between ferrous sulfate and sodium hydroxide. [pic] The sodium hydroxide was formed by the reaction of unreacted sodium metal with water due to incomplete reaction of sodium fusion with compound A. [pic] The FeSO4 solution was added to confirm the presence of NaOH and to react completely with it in the filtrate. At the same time, a small amount of black precipitate was formed at the bottom but it was disappeared after more ferrous sulphate was added. The formation of black precipitate may be due to the ferrous sulphide exists in the mixture. [pic] The equation below shows that the ferrous sulphate was reacted with the sodium cyanide to form sodium ferrocyanide as the main product. [pic] The sulphuric acid and increase in temperature was used to increase the suitable medium for the formation of complex. As a result, ferric-ferrocyanide complex with the colour of Prussian blue was precipitated out after ferric chloride is added to oxidize the Fe2+ to become Fe3+. This Prussian blue precipitate indicates that the unknown A contains nitrogen in the compound. [pic] Some of the Fe3+ was formed before the oxidation of ferric chloride. This might be due to the air oxidation of iron(II) ions in the mixture before the ferric chloride is added. For compounds B and C, a negative result is obtained which end up with colourless solution as results. Hence, these shown nitrogen are absent in the both organic compounds. The reduced sulfide ion can be confirmed by using two different tests which were sodium nitroprusside test and lead(II) acetate test. For the first test, the appearance of deep purple solution shows the positive result. The formation of sodium sulphonitroprusside is a complex that was formed between the sodium nitroprusside and sodium sulphide. [pic] In another test, the black precipitate will be formed if the sulphur is present in the compound. The formation of black precipitate shows a positive result for this test. [pic] There are various possible sources of errors for the experiment. One of these is the incomplete or improper fusion of the compound with sodium. If this happens, then the proper compounds would not be formed and therefore would give negative or even false positive results in the tests. Another possible source of error for the test is from the Prussian blue test. The solution must be basic because the test does not run in an acidic medium. If the solution is left acidic, the reaction will not occur and would give a false negative result. Another source of error is the determination of the flame color in the Beilstein’s test. The color should be blue-green because a blue flame indicates Cu1+ ions while a green flame indicates Cu-(non-halide). If the color of the flame was observed incorrectly, then it may give a false positive if it is observed to be blue-green instead of blue or green or it may give a false negative if it is not observed as blue-green. This was the main source of error for this trial since the presence of halogens was incorrectly deduced. Conclusion From the experiment, several conclusions could be made. First, the sodium fusion tests consist of various tests, which determine the presence of nitrogen, sulfur and halogens in an organic compound. The presence of nitrogen was confirmed by the formation of a Prussian blue precipitate or solution. The presence of sulfur was confirmed through the formation of the black precipitate PbS or the formation of a deep violet solution from sodium nitroprusside. The presence of a halogen in the compound was confirmed by a blue-green flame, when the flame test was performed with a copper wire while the exact identity of the halogen was determined by the different colors of precipitate formed with silver nitrate. It can also concluded that the experiment should be done in accuracy and care since the results can give false positive or false negative results when seemingly minor details are incorrectly deduced, for instance the pH of the solution or the color of the flame. Also, sodium is highly reactive and just a small area of contact with water can cause an explosion. REFERENCES 1. Lancashire, Robert John (2005) Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds., http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/lab_manuals/c10expt25.html 2. Baluyut John Y. G., De Castro Kathlia A., Organic Chemistry Laboratory for Chemical Engineering Students Part 2, 2004 3. Klein, David (2012). Organic Chemistry. Danvers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 4. Wikipedia (2012). Sodium Fusion Test. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_fusion_test

The Civil War On The Losing End - 961 Words

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