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Essay On No Child Left Behind - 719 Words

Ever since President George W. Bush implemented the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act in 2002, states across the nation have developed a wide array of methods to keep education systems accountable. When identifying the role the NCLB has in America’s education systems, Professor of Educational Policy Studies at the University of Arizona Jill Koyama determined that the NCLB act requires â€Å"†¦ states [to] implement accountability systems that assess students annually and, based on those assessments, determine whether schools and districts are making adequate yearly progress† (549). Therefore, the NCLB was originally created to incentivize learning in schools which lack adequate results and to provide additional funding to these persistently low†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, NCLB and ESSA differ with test accountability: states and districts are now responsible for determining what supports and what interventions are implemented in low-performing schools. With the increasing improbability that students will make livable wages with only a high school education, one of the primary goals of ESSA is to fully prepare all students for success in college and careers. The Education of Trust (TET) senior research associate Marni Bromberg and former director of research at TET Christina Theokas found that many students leave high school with a diploma, though without a path toward college or a career. Their research revealed that 47%, or nearly half, of American high school graduates complete neither a college—nor career—ready course of study (Bromberg and Theokas 9). A college readiness curriculum is defined as the standard 15 course sequence required for entry at many public colleges, and a career-ready course of study is defined as three or more credits in a broad career field such as health science or business. ESSA requires that college and career counseling, as well as advanced coursework, be made available to all students , not just high achieving students or those in upper income neighborhood schools. Although the ESSA is a significant improvement in regards to the NCLB, these education laws all manage to pose serious threats to students’ educations by hindering the learning environment with high-stakes testing. While theShow MoreRelatedNo Child Left Behind Essay2629 Words   |  11 PagesNo Child Left Behind; Why we should rethink the current policy. Education was the focus of George W. Bush’s Presidential campaign in 2000. Using the improved Texas educational system as an example, President Bush promised to change education in America for the better. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was the result of his promise. Bringing reform to American Education, the NCLB is the topic of much controversyRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Essays1062 Words   |  5 Pages LITERATURE REVIEW Rushton talks about the funding for the No Child Left Behind is being held back if the students don’t do well on the standardized tests. So if the students don’t do well on the testing the teachers are being affected in the way of how much they are getting paid, also affects the school districts funding. This is encouraging the teachers not to teach the way they should, but they are teaching in the way of let’s just make the students do well on the standardized tests. In thisRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind776 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction One of main components of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) is measuring school’s success by it graduation rate because of this enactment, schools are focused to ensure students graduate from high school (US Department of Education, n.d.). In the past, students who needed credit recovery attended summer school to try and recovery lost course credit. Today however, there are many software programs that now replace traditional summers school. Through online web based software, students canRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind840 Words   |  4 PagesNo Child Left Behind (NCLB) was produced to make 100% of students’ proficient by 2014. While the idea sounds perfect on paper, it is not the case when it is put into action. NCLB was replaced in 2015 and replaced by the Every Student Succeeds Act. Many students did not use the resource effectively due to the fact that not all children have the same views and desires toward fulfilling their education career. This in turn makes it hard for the teachers to follow the education guidelines while alsoRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind928 Words   |  4 PagesNo Child Left Behind The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was a US Act of Congress. This law took effect in 2002. This had an impact on US public school classrooms. Through this law there were several effects in the way schools teaching their students. this also affected what tests the students had to take and the teachers training. This also addressed the way schools and their districts were going to spend their monetary funds. The goal of this act was to provide educators assistance in planningRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind1055 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is over the top requirements? Per the extreme efforts of No Child Left Behind (NCLB), the 10TH AMENDMENT, Title I all has placed our nation at risk for complete failure. With over 98,817 operating schools in the United States alone, and 88,929 public schools, 66,646 of them are categorized as Title I schools. Some may think the accomplishments NCLB since it was put into place on January 8, 2002 by former President Bush has made tremendous leaps and bounds. When in fact the education reformRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind1333 Words   |  6 PagesHook: â€Å"I used to love teaching,† said Steve Eklund, a retired California teacher. â€Å"Four words drove me into retirement—No Child Left Behind. I could no longer tend to the needs and wants of my students. All I was supposed to do was to get them ready to take tests.† Intro (with thesis): The surviving NCLB mindset of standardized tests being an accurate measure of a students achievement is a problem because it affects our student’s education and increases performance pressure on teachers. WhatRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind1813 Words   |  8 PagesPriscilla Rojas English 1A Mrs. Santani 13 December 2017 No Child Left Behind There have been many efforts made by the U.S government to reform our public-school education system. In the year 2002, a law promoted by George W. Bush required public schools to provide demographics on each one of their students. With this system in place, it ensures that no child enrolled is neglected from this system. The No Child Left Behind law is a disadvantage to our public-school system. Even though this act wasRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pages Since its inception in 2001, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) has only made the divide in quality of education greater, and was ultimately detrimental to the American Education System. When President George Bush first proposed the NCLB, his intention was to level the playing field and provide an equally excellent education for every American student, what happened though, could not have been further from George Bush’s intentions. The whole basis of the NCLB is funding for performance, meaningRead MoreEssay On No Child Left Behind1132 Words   |  5 PagesNo Child Left Behind The American education system often conjures up images of classrooms, students and teachers. Yet it can also be a point of political contention. The educational system is complex and intended to encompass all students so they can further their education and essentially their futures. However, the real question is in its effectiveness. After all, if there is no way to show that students are actually learning, then it renders the idea of schooling moot. That is why education policy

Manage Budget and Financial Plans †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Manage Budget and Financial Plans. Answer: Introduction: There are the few basic accounting principles that need to be followed by an organisation, which are business entity concept, the cost principle, and the going concern concept. The business entity concept many states that businesses are a separate entity altogether, where it cannot be compared by the owner as it is different from each other. This mainly states that all the relevant personal transaction of the owner and assets should not be included in the business (Zeff 2016). The cost principle directly states that all the assets needs to be recorded at their actual cost in the books of the organization. Lastly, the consistency principle Indicates that your organisation should apply the same Accounting Principles from one period to another. this mainly helps in reducing the manipulation and allow the organisation to compare the relevant progress over the previous fiscal years (Singleton-Green 2016). Depicting features of internal control structures: The internal control structure mainly includes the relevant features such as control environment, risk assessment process, information system, control activities, and monitoring control. The identified internal control features mainly help in Financial Management process that involves acquisition, flow, and processing of information. This mainly helps in improving the efficiency and financial performance for the organisation. Moreover, it provides robust risk management process that could help in developing relevant contingency plans, which could reduce the negative impact of external and internal environment. The use of adequate financial Record Keeping procedures and process mainly allows the organisation to reduce any kind of manipulation and error, which could be developed in the preparation of financial report. Furthermore, the Record Keeping system allows the organisation to identify all the relevant transaction conducted within the fiscal year and determine its current financial condition. The procedures and process of the Record Keeping lays out a relevant plan, which could directly be used by the accountants in preparing the financial report (Asic.gov.au 2017). Depicting the financial management process and mentioning how it supports and monitor employees: There is relevant Financial Management processes are mainly depicted as follows. Forming and communicating all the relevant objectives and goals Preparing an adequate financial and operational plan Providing relevant information to the manager regarding variances from target, this could help in improving target performance. Providing relevant information to the stakeholders in form of financial report Taking relative steps to correct the undesirable practices of the organisation Adequately maintaining relevant business records with an effective internal control system Reducing the relevant chances of unexpected events by declining the exposure of risk taken by the organisation The identified Financial Management process mainly allows the organisation to adequately achieve sustainable growth by complying with all the relevant regulations. In addition, the process also helps in improving the financial condition of the organisation by taking relevant steps in the improvement process. The Financial Management process also helps in reducing the exposure of risk and developing relevant contingency plan, which could help in reducing the impact of unexpected events (Asic.gov.au 2017). Under Corporation Act the companies mainly need to prepare corporate report, directors report, and financial report. This report mainly comprise of different types of features as the corporate report Cup States the Record Keeping process, the directors report provide the declaration given by the director of the company and the financial report comprises of Comprehensive income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement (Asic.gov.au 2017). The financial report of large proprietary company is mainly prepared in accordance with the chapter 2M the Corporation Act. In addition, the financial reports me to be audited unless conditions under ASIC Corporations are not met. In addition, the financial report needs to be blocked with ASIC within 4 months. Moreover, the financial report also needs to be sent to the members with any four months of declaration of the annual report (Austrade.gov.au 2017). Depicting the timing when are small proprietary companies required to be audited: Small proprietary company could only be audited if required by the director / ASIC direction s301(2). In addition, under s293 it is mentioned that small proprietary companies are required to prepare financial report, when 5% of the members vote for it. The overall audit of the small proprietary companies also conducted if the member needs to evaluate the financial performance (Asic.gov.au 2017). Financial report under section S295, mainly states that the overall transactional condition of the organisation for the current fiscal year. Financial reporting mainly allows the organisation to state its current financial condition to the Stakeholders. The financial reporting system allows the investors to evaluate the trend in companys financial performance, which could help in detecting its current return generation capacity. In addition, the financial report mainly consists of comprehensive income statement, cash flow statement, and financial position statement. The identified financial statements would eventually help in depicting the current profit level, cash level, and asset level of the organisation (Austrade.gov.au 2017). Mentioning requirements of the above depicted statements: The financial report requirements are mainly identified as the financial service regulator which needs to be complied by the organisation.Companies operating in Australia needs to lodge financial reports with ASIC at the end of each financial year. Furthermore, these annual financial reports need to be audited for evaluating the actual financial performance of the organisation. Moreover the financial statement needs to be prepared according to the section 292 of the Corporation Act, where all disclosing entities need to be provided in the annual report. In addition, Corporation Act 2001 mainly states that all the companies is to comply with the accounting standard met by the requirements of international financial reporting standards, which was adopted by Australia in 2005 (Asic.gov.au 2017). Reference: Asic.gov.au. (2017).Lodgement of financial reports | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. [online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/financial-reporting-and-audit/preparers-of-financial-reports/lodgement-of-financial-reports/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017]. Austrade.gov.au. (2017).Financial reporting in Australia - Austrade. [online] Available at: https://www.austrade.gov.au/International/Invest/Guide-to-investing/Running-a-business/Understanding-Australian-business-regulation/Financial-reporting-in-Australia [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017]. Singleton-Green, B., 2016. Discussion of articulating accounting principles: Classical accounting theory as the pursuit of explanation by embodiment.Journal of Applied Accounting Research,17(2), pp.136-138. Zeff, S.A., 2016.Forging accounting principles in five countries: A history and an analysis of trends. Routledge.

Rhetorical Analysis of the Article

Structure Firstly, we have to mention that the distinction between structural and stylistic peculiarities of persuasive essay writing have to be taken into consideration. It is commonly preferred to analyze the structure of the essay at first, looking for the author’s methods of achieving his/her purpose of persuading the audience.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of the Article specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, at the beginning of the peace of writing under the name ‘Black Widows Recruited for Terrorism in Russia’, a reader can already observe the author’s attitude towards the issue or a problem. The very first sentence of the essay’s introduction provides the contrast in generalizing information, which indicates importance of this picture changing the hundreds of people’s way of thinking. Generally, the author’s task at the beginning of pe rsuasive piece of writing was to attract the readers’ attention. As a matter of fact, the writer has accomplished this task by choosing the technique of opening with a strong statement with slight exaggeration. Having further introduced the main thesis of the essay and having given some background information, the writer moves smoothly to the body of the piece. In the main part of the essay the author represents his main arguments and reasons, which confirm his thesis statement. Briefly, the first body paragraph offers a distinct case of an act of terror realized by women. The author empathizes further the distortion of a perception of woman’s function in the society. The second paragraph describes the phenomena of ‘Black Widows’, who being in a flow of revenge were committing crimes. All the proceeding paragraphs are aimed at backing the points stated above. These paragraphs have purpose to explain and give reasons for a phenomenon, woman terrorism in par ticular. However, we have to point out, that the author did not use the technique of including a fully distinguished rebuttal section into the main body of the essay. Instead, the writer has directly come to conclusion, which was an appeal to certain people, in particular legislative establishments, which can work on the ways of improving the situation of ‘Black Widow Terrorism’. Style Factual Information Facts are one of the most powerful means of persuasion. The author in his article has used a considerable amount of facts, which one can be checked on veracity. Introducing factual information was a reasonable way of supporting one’s point and offering the issue for further discussion;Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Appeal to Authority (Quoting) It is always highly desirable to back u your opinion with particular thoughts of experts, which are alread y professionals in their field and can offer a reader security and sure about the words they say or prove. For example, in the current article a reader may observe the following personalities as Speckhard and Yulia Yuzik. Appeal to Examples A variety of examples, which have been used in the article, are quite an effective mean of persuasion. Audience On the whole, the article ‘Black Widows Recruited for Terrorism in Russia’ is aimed not only at the legislation establishments, who are empowered to change the increasing processes of woman terrorism, but also at an educated general public. The issue of woman terrorism and its reasons may be a topic of consideration for psychologists, sociologists and representatives of other social studies, who are willing to join to finding the solution to this problem. Rhetorical Strategies Appeal to Reason The author has developed his arguments being guided by motives and reasons. He bases his conclusions only with reference to authorit ative people and facts. Appeal to Ethos The latter implies credibility and reliability of the author. The writer of this particular essay is considered to apply this rhetorical strategy successfully, while using only credible sources to develop an argument. Further, the writer sets a common point through admitting beliefs of the opposite sides of an argument. Last, but not least, the author has organized his article in an easy to follow pattern. Appeal to Emotions Appeal to emotions is one of the key points in persuasive essay. As far as our mind is inclined to visualization and sensual perception on the whole, this technique may appear a useful tool for persuading. We can state, that the author of the article has managed to achieve expected results through appeal to audience’s emotions. The writer uses emotionally colored language, which induces the reader to react correspondingly. E.g. a cherubic teenager smirking as she waves a pistol in the airAdvertising We will wri te a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of the Article specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In general, the author of the article has achieved the result in arguing over the question of woman terrorism, its reasons and appealing to the legislative bodies and all people on the whole to contribute to solving this problem. Works Cited Lunsford, Andrea â€Å"Everything’s an argument† Bedford/St. Martin’s; Fourth Edition edition. (December 2007): 123-134 Schuster, Simon „Russia’s‚ Black Widows‘: Terrorism or Revenge?â€Å" (Wednesday, Apr. 07, 2010) http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1978178,00.html This essay on Rhetorical Analysis of the Article was written and submitted by user Catherine W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on The Tuskegee Syphilis Study essays

Essay on The Tuskegee Syphilis Study essays The Tuskegee Syphilis Study has become the most transcendental, harm-maker example of racism in the medical field. It is shameful, for in an area as important as the medical one, where lives come and go, issues such as this one should never be taken in consideration by anyone whos capable of destroying or saving a life. I has shown through the years that it was an unethical experiment, and it has brought resentments that we still face in this time of life. It prone many African Americans, who were not aware, to decay their health, and to consequently loose their trust over the health system and organizations 1 through out the United States, and even to the people. Disregarding the lives it took, and the many people who suffered from it, the Study made much harm in a social context than any other experiment in the history of medicine. In my point of view, it affected the society in which we live today in the three following features. First and most important of all. It damaged the trust that many African Americans had toward the health system. 2 It has always been known that in order of something to work, people must first believe in it. A system cant and will not work as it should, when members of the group whom are going to be benefited from it, believe that in exchange, they could be harmed. It is never going to go forward since members of the society which feed this system are pulling it backwards. And they have a reason and even a right to not be looking forward to seek help from the health system. And the only good thing this event brings is that, to see the offense the members of the white society who participated in the Tuskegee Study created, is going to let other members of the medical field realize that there is work to do to undamage and liberate African Americans from that distrust. I would not like to generalize, since Im pretty sure not every African American feels this way toward the ...

A Closer Look at Alice Munros Short Story Runaway

A Closer Look at Alice Munros Short Story Runaway Runaway,  by the Nobel Prize-winning Canadian author Alice Munro, tells the story of a young woman who refuses a chance to escape a bad marriage. The story debuted in the August 11, 2003,  issue of The New Yorker. It also appeared in Munros 2004 collection by the same name. You can ​read the story for free on The New Yorkers website. Multiple Runaways Runaway people, animals, and emotions abound in the story. The wife, Carla, is twice a runaway. When she was 18 and college-bound, she ran off to marry her husband, Clark, against her parents  wishes and has been estranged from them since. And now, getting on a bus to Toronto, she runs away a second time- this time from Clark. Carlas beloved white goat, Flora, also appears to be a runaway, having inexplicably disappeared shortly before the start of the story. (By the end of the story, though, it seems likely that Clark has been trying to get rid of the goat all along.) If we think of runaway  as meaning out of control  (as in runaway train),  other examples come to mind in the story. First, there is Sylvia Jamiesons runaway emotional attachment to Carla (what Sylvias friends describe dismissively as an inevitable crush on a girl). There is also Sylvias runaway involvement in Carlas life, pushing her along a path that Sylvia imagines is best for Carla, but which she is, perhaps, not ready for or doesnt really want. Clark and Carlas marriage seems to be following a runaway trajectory. Finally, there is Clarks runaway temper, carefully documented early in the story, that threatens to become truly dangerous when he goes to Sylvias house in the night to confront her about encouraging Carlas departure. Parallels Between Goat and Girl Munro describes the goats behavior in ways that mirror Carlas relationship with Clark. She writes: At first she had been Clark’s pet entirely, following him everywhere, dancing for his attention. She was as quick and graceful and provocative as a kitten, and her resemblance to a guileless girl in love had made them both laugh. When Carla first left home, she behaved much in the starry-eyed manner of the goat. She was filled with giddy delight  in her pursuit of a more authentic kind of life  with Clark. She was impressed by his good looks, his colorful employment history, and everything about him that ignored her. Clarks repeated suggestion that Flora might have just gone off to find herself a billy  obviously parallels Carlas running away from her parents to marry Clark. Whats especially troubling about this parallel is that the first time Flora disappears, she is lost but still alive. The second time she disappears, it seems almost certain that Clark has killed her. This suggests that Carla is going to be in a much more dangerous position for having returned to Clark. As the goat matured, she changed alliances. Munro writes, But as she grew older she seemed to attach herself to Carla, and in this attachment, she was suddenly much wiser, less skittish- she seemed capable, instead, of a subdued and ironic sort of humor. If Clark has, in fact, killed the goat (and it seems likely he has),  it is symbolic of his commitment to killing off any of Carlas impulses to think or act independently- to be anything but the guileless girl in love  who married him. Carla’s Responsibility Though Clark is clearly presented as a murderous, stultifying force, the story also places some of the responsibility for Carlas situation on Carla herself. Consider the way Flora allows Clark to pet her, even though he may have been responsible for her original disappearance and is probably about to kill her. When Sylvia tries to pet her, Flora puts her head down as if to butt. Goats are unpredictable,  Clark tells Sylvia. They can seem tame but they’re not really. Not after they grow up.  His words seem to apply to Carla, as well. She has behaved unpredictably, siding with Clark, who was causing her distress, and butting  Sylvia by exiting the bus and forgoing the escape Sylvia has offered. For Sylvia, Carla is a girl who needs guidance and saving, and it is hard for her to imagine that Carlas choice to return to Clark was the choice of an adult woman. Is she grown up?  Sylvia asks Clark about the goat. She looks so small. Clarks answer is ambiguous: She’s as big as she’s ever going to get.  This suggests that Carlas being grown up  might not look like Sylvias definition of grown up.  Eventually, Sylvia comes to see Clarks point. Her letter of apology to Carla even explains that she made the mistake of thinking somehow that Carlas freedom and happiness were the same thing. Clarks Pet Entirely On first reading, you might expect that just as the goat shifted alliances from Clark to Carla, Carla, too, might have changed alliances, believing more in herself and less in Clark. Its certainly what Sylvia Jamieson believes. And its what common sense would dictate, given the way Clark treats Carla. But Carla defines herself entirely in terms of Clark. Munro writes: While she was running away from him- now- Clark still kept his place in her life. But when she was finished running away, when she just went on, what would she put in his place? What else- who else- could ever be so vivid a challenge? And it is this challenge that Carla preserves by holding out against the temptation  to walk to the edge of the woods- to the place where she saw the buzzards- and confirm that Flora was killed there. She doesnt want to know.

Choices and Decisions Enhancing Quality of Life Essay

Choices and Decisions Enhancing Quality of Life - Essay Example There has to be a proper arrangement of items in the environment so that it becomes presentable and lacking healthy hazards that can Habor diseases and other unwanted elements. Personal responsibility refers to the concept of people to having the ability to make choices, instigate or even cause their actions in different ways (Roth, 2005). When we make decisions that results in to certain actions and behavior, it is prudent that we can be legally liable or accountable for the outcomes. In this case, personal responsibility becomes different from the notion that human behavior and actions are brought about by factors beyond the control of the person himself (Pryor, 2010). It is important to note that all people have the ability to create an effective and reliable atmosphere where they can live harmoniously with other people. For this reason, it is important for people to understand that social power is something that I within everyone’s ability and control. In this understandin g, people are supposed to assume different levels of personal responsibility in order to have social power in the same way they places personal responsibility for political behavior (Greenfield, 2011). Many instances have been witnessed of people blaming the state of governance and social welfare in the community, while blaming it on the leaders in government, they always forget that it is their actions and choices in the voting process that placed them in power. This example illustrates the fact that people have to be responsible for their actions whether it is on the political, social or economic front. Personal responsibility is all about value creation, such that just as all values are personal so should be the decision to be responsible.

LEADERSHIP Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LEADERSHIP - Case Study Example He came up with strategies to bring change in the organization without analysing what the existing culture of the organization is and it has been the major reason for failure. Harold was ineffective as a change agent and as a social architect for HTE. There are different reasons for him for considering him ineffective and the most important reasons include that he did not understand the organizational culture of HTE and implemented things without knowing what has been prevailing at HTE for years. If Harold has another chance to become the President of HTE, then it is important for him to first understand the organizational culture and how the work is performed at the company and then come up with strategies and recommendations. Also he needs to communicate the reasons for bringing change to make the change successful. Making strategies can be ineffective if it does not match with the organizational culture. Also vision is important for the company, however the execution is as important and therefore he should have planned things both in short term and in long term rather than targeting long term objectives only. Dr. Cook is a good example of transformational leadership. There are different characteristics found in how he manages the team that can be compared to transformational leader. Behaviours of a transformational leader are found in the leadership style of Dr. Cook as he sets his example as a role model that influences others. He articulated goals to make the tour a success, communicated high expectations and encouraged two-way communication that lead to high morale and increase in confidence, and all these behaviours resulted in achievement of goals of each and every individual. The leadership style of Dr. Cook can be considered as highly effective with respect to full range of Leadership Model. Highly effective leader would include the 4

Tea Leaves Essay Example for Free

Tea Leaves Essay Fuente 4th block 18 February 2013 Divination by Tea Leaves The divination of tea leaves began in the 17th century when tea became a very popular drink. As people began drinking their tea, they came up with tasseomancy, or tasseography, which is just a type of tea leaf divination. People prefer divination by tea leaves because it is the easiest and most accessible for everyday people. It is a form of scyring. First of all, Tea is poured into a cup without a strainer, and the inquirer contemplates their issue and then drinks all the tea. With the moisture left in the cup, they then spin the leaves three times clockwise and turn the cup upside down. Then someone reads the pattern of the tea leaves and determines the inquirers fortune, be it good or bad. Many people do not use this form of divination for it takes more psychic ability than non-psychic. You read the symbols based on standard interpretations. It’s said that the closer to the rim the leaves are, the sooner they are to happen. The rim is labeled as the future, whereas the bottom of the cup is the distant future or the outcome of your conflict. The only problem is that there are different systems of symbolic interpretations. Choosing the right type of tea leaf divination is key to becoming comfortable with the system and get accurate readings. However, divination isn’t used to make your decision for you. Divination is merely used to help inspire you in making your own decisions. The tea leaves seen can be depicted in different ways depending on how open your imagination is. As said above, there are many different ways that you can read your tea leaves. You just have to find the one that is suitable for your situation and make sure you keep an open imagination. Works Cited www. divinationbytealeaves. com www. wicca-spirituality. com .

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

Animal Farm By George Orwell Animal Farm is a story of how the animals revolted because of the way they were treated by Mr. Jones, the farmer. They felt that the farmers made all the profit, reaped all the rewards but didn't do any of the work. So they formed a government called Animalism. In Animalism, there are no owners, no rich, but no poor, workers got a better life, and all animals are equal. They had even established laws called the Seven Commandments, which were intended to give basic rights to animals and protect them from oppression. The goals of the government were also established. The goals said that everyone was equal, there would be more food and sleep for all, there was to be respect for all animals, and they would build a windmill to make life better for all. By the end of the book, all this no longer existed. The animals were getting less sleep, less food, and less respect. The windmill became a source of money for the leaders, not for all the animals. The seven commandments were gradually chan ged to suit the pigs and then there was only one Commandment left. "'Are the Seven Commandments the same as they used to be, Benjamin?' There was nothing now except for a single Commandment. It ran: All animals are equal but some are more equal than others" That single commandment made the pigs more powerful. Animalism no longer existed. At the beginning of the story, there were two leaders, Snowball and Napoleon, who were sharing power. Snowball was good with words, honest, good at arguing, was inventive, and believed in technology. He stayed in touch with the animals, and wanted to make things better for them. Napoleon, on the other hand, was bad with words, dishonest, hated arguing, and was not inventive. He wanted to be above all the animals; he didn't care about making things better. He only believed in serving himself. In order for Napoleon to be above all the animals, he had to get Snowball out of the way. Napoleon did that by getting his dogs to scare him away so Snowball would never come back to the farm. Napoleon was now in total control of the farm and the animals. Napoleon and the pigs started acting like humans - they would drink, wear clothes, sleep in beds, fight, and walk. They did everything that they had once said was wrong.

Professor Henry Corrie

CHARACTER SKETCH OF â€Å"PROFESSOR HENRY CORRIE† INTRODUCTION: St. John G. Ervine presents the sensational drama â€Å"PROGRESS† in which the story rotates around the characters of Professor Henry Corrie and his sister Mrs. Meldon. Professor Henry Corrie is about sixty years of age. He lives in a remoter village in the North of England. He is happy in isolation because he can concentrate on his secret research work. APPEARANCE: Corrie has cold humorless eyes. There are cruel lines on his face but they are bidden behind the thickish beard.He is very dangerous but apparently he does not seem to be so. He is a symbol of tyranny. destruction, selfishness and materialism. INTELLIGENT SCIENTIST: Corrie is D. Sc. And highly, educated scientist of England. He is completely absorbed in his research word. After a life long struggle, he has been successful in discovering a terrible formula of a devastating bomb. It will devastate a district. It will release a powerful, spreading poisonous gas, without colour or smell. Those who will inhale it, their bodies will rot and rust and nothing will save them happily he says: â€Å"Ah!At last by heaven I Have done it, at last. † MATERIALISTIC AND UNPATRIOTIC: Corrie is the complete representative of today’s materialistic world. Although his bomb will kill thousands with in no time, and will wipe out big cities like Manchester yet he feels proud of his invention and say: â€Å"This will bring fame and fortune to me. I shall be rich now, but more than that I shall be famous. † He is mad after wealth. Greed and lust of wealth has turned him not only materialistic and selfish but also unpatriotic. â€Å"If they won’t pay my price, I’ll offer it to son ebody else†.This is the height of treachery. The great scientist fails to visualize that if the enemy uses that bomb, his own country-men would be eliminated. UNSOCIAL AND UNCOURTOUS: Corrie is not a social man. He is so lost in hi s work that he has lost all interest for the human beings. Although he makes a promise to go to the station to the receive his only sister yet he does not go. It is the third death anniversary of Eddie. Mrs. Meldon’s only son. She is sad, instead of sympathizing with her, he proudly talks about his sinister bomb. He is cruel and selfish.He forces her to rejoice at the dreadful invention. He asks her: â€Å"but look at the maher from a, Broad point of view. Put your Own feelings aside! †. HATRED FOR WOMEN: Corrie lacks aesthetic sense. He is a misogamist. He is disinterested with the finer values of life. That is why he has not married as yet. He hates women and his sister is no exception to his hatred. He say: â€Å"Oh how women do fuss! No Application. No concentration. That’s why no women have Ever been great artists or scientists. † PROUD AND CALLOUS: Corrie is a wolf in sheep’s clothing.Corrie is doing nothing to reduce poverty or hunger. Rathe r he has been busy in inventing a dangerous bomb for his own selfish motives. In his own words: â€Å"With a single bomb we could Wipe out the population of a city As big as Manchester. Single bomb Charlotte! † CONCLUSION: Mrs Meldon asks him time and again to suppress his evil invention. But he pays no heed to it. Rather he becomes angry and calls her morbid, fool of a woman. He makes fun of her ideas, laughs harshly and finally says: â€Å"Well, shan’t. Give up my Invention for a lot of demand sentiment! Not likely! † n her desperate step to save the world from destruction, she stabs him to death. In fact he was the symbol of vice, destruction and enemy of mankind. He suffered in a deserving way. CHARACTER SKETCH OF â€Å"MRS. MELDON† INTRODUCTION: St. John G. Ervine presents the sensational drama â€Å"PROGRESS† in which the story rotates around the characters of Mrs. Meldon and Professor Henry Corrie. Mrs. Meldon is also called Charlotte. Her h eart brims with the love of Mankind and is against wars and war mongers. She symbolizes love and affection, peace and tranquility modesty and humanity.

Exercises and Problems Essay

Carry Yoki’s Lounge consists of the following. Carry, the owner believed that people would come to hear a band play on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening. During the remainder of the week, she believed her customers would watch sporting events on several television sets located throughout the lounge. Carry employed two bartenders, three servers, two assistant servers, two cooks, one dishwasher and a clean-up person. She had a bar, 15 barstools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 television sets, and one satellite dish. She had an oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassware. Carry started this business with $50,000 of her own money, and she borrowed $150,000 from the bank. From this description, list each of the scarce resources that are used in Carry Yoki’s Lounge. Entrepreneurial resource: Carry Yoki. Labor resources: 2 bartenders, 3 servers, 2 assistant servers, 2 cooks, 1 dishwasher, and a clean-up person. Economic capital resources: 1 bar, 15 bar stools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 television sets, one satellite dish, oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassware. Financial capital resources: $50,000 of her own money and $150,000 from the bank. Joe Fixit has an appliance repair business. He has more business than he can handle and wants to hire another repair person. Joe estimates that three appliances can be repaired each hour by a qualified person. Joe bills out labor at $45 per hour, but he stipulates that the minimum charge for appliance repair estimates is $30 plus parts. What is the marginal revenue product of a qualified repair person? 3 appliance repairs per hour times $30 = $90 marginal revenue product. What is the maximum hourly wage that he would pay an employee? Therefore, since we bring in an additional $90 per hour by hiring one more repair person, the maximum wage we would pay is $90. Sam Smith is currently employed as a mechanical engineer and is paid $65,000 per year plus benefits that are equal to 30% of his salary. Sam wants to begin a consulting firm and decides to leave his current job. After his first year in business, Sam’s accountant informed him that he had made $45,000 with his consulting business. Sam also notices that he paid $6,000 for a health insurance policy, which was his total benefit during his first  year. What was Sam’s opportunity cost? Sam gave up $65,000 in salary plus $19,500 in benefits or a total of $84,500. Sara Lee just graduated from college with a degree in accounting. She had five job offers: Bean Counters CPA, $35,000; Assets R Us, $27,000; The Debit Store, $30,000; J & J’s CPA’s, $33,000; and The Double Entry Shop, $40,000. What was her opportunity cost if she accepted the job with The Double Entry Shop? Sara gave up Bean Counters CPA at $35,000 which was the highest value surrendered. Sam Club earned $50,000 and paid taxes of $10,000. Samantha Heart earned $60,000 and paid taxes of $12,000. If these taxes were paid to the same government agency, is the tax on income progressive, regressive, or proportional? Why did you reach this conclusion? As show below these taxes are proportional because they both paid the same percentage of their income in taxes. 6.You read an article in this morning’s paper that stated inflation was accelerating and would reach six percent this year. If the FED believes this statement and it has set a goal of three percent inflation, what will it likely do at the next meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee? They would most likely raise the discount rate, the federal funds rate, or both. They could also sell more government securities to decrease the money supply. 7.A friend came into your office and said that his bank was out to kill small businesses. You asked him what he meant by this remark, and he said that he read an article that said his bank had just loaned $10 million to a major automobile manufacturer at a rate of 3 percent, which is less than prime. But your friend just borrowed $50,000 from the same bank and they charged him prime plus four percent, or 7.5 percent. Your friend has been in business for two years, and last year he had a loss of $2,000. How can you explain this difference in interest rate to your friend? The bank charges interest based upon risk. The probability of the automobile manufacturer defaulting on the loan is very remote; therefore, they get a favorable interest rate from the bank. Since your friend lost money last year and since over 40 percent of all small businesses fail in the first five years, the bank’s risk is much higher and therefore they will charge a higher interest rate. 1.Carry Yoki’s Lounge consists of the following. Carry, the owner believed  that people would come to hear a band play on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening. During the remainder of the week, she believed her customers would watch sporting events on several television sets located throughout the lounge. Carry employed two bartenders, three servers, two assistant servers, two cooks, one dishwasher and a clean-up person. She had a bar, 15 barstools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 television sets, and one satellite dish. She had an oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassware. Carry started this business with $50,000 of her own money, and she borrowed $150,000 from the bank. From this description, list each of the scarce resources that are used in Carry Yoki’s Lounge. 2.Joe Fixit has an appliance repair business. He has more business than he can handle and wants to hire another repair person. Joe estimates that three appliances can be repaired each hour by a qualified person. Joe bills out labor at $45 per hour, but he stipulates that the minimum charge for appliance repair estimates is $30 plus parts. What is the marginal revenue product of a qualified repair person? What is the maximum hourly wage that he would pay an employee? 3.Sam Smith is currently employed as a mechanical engineer and is paid $65,000 per year plus benefits that are equal to 30% of his salary. Sam wants to begin a consulting firm and decides to leave his current job. After his first year in business, Sam’s accountant informed him that he had made $45,000 with his consulting business. Sam also notices that he paid $6,000 for a health insurance policy, which was his total benefit during his first year. What was Sam’s opportunity cost? 4.Sara Lee just graduated from college with a degree in accounting. She had five job offers: Bean Counters CPA, $35,000; Assets R Us, $27,000; The Debit Store, $30,000; J & J’s CPA’s, $33,000; and The Double Entry Shop, $40,000. What was her opportunity cost if she accepted the job with The Double Entry Shop? 5.Sam Club earned $50,000 and paid taxes of $10,000. Samantha Heart earned $60,000 and paid taxes of $12,000. If these taxes were paid to the same government agency, is the tax on income progressive, regressive, or proportional? Why did you reach this conclusion? 6.You read an article in this morning’s paper that stated inflation was accelerating and would reach six percent this year. If the FED believes this statement and it has set a goal of three percent inflation, what will it likely do at the next meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee? 7.A friend came into your office and  said that his bank was out to kill small businesses. You asked him what he meant by this remark, and he said that he read an article that said his bank had just loaned $10 million to a major automobile manufacturer at a rate of 3 percent, which is less than prime. But your friend just borrowed $50,000 from the same bank and they charged him prime plus four percent, or 7.5 percent. Your friend has been in business for two years, and last year he had a loss of $2,000. How can you explain this difference in interest rate to your friend? Carol Jones wanted her business to increase sales by 50 percent over the next five years. To do this, she must hire three more people. She wanted to determine how to evaluate these people, so she lists their job specifications and develops job descriptions. She also listed where these employees would work and what training they would require. What management functions is Carol performing, and how do they apply to this scenario? Carol is performing the management function of planning because she wants to increase sales by 50% over the next five years. Specifically she is determining her strategic goals and beginning a long-range plan. She is also performing the management function of staffing because she is about to hire three more people, to evaluate them, and train them. Carol is also performing the management function of control when she develops the standards for evaluating her personnel. Jerry is a personnel manager for a large retail department store. He just received a memo stating that the company will build three new stores in Phoenix over the next five years, with one store opening in 24 months, one opening in 36 months, and one opening in 60 months. The memo that Jerry received relates to what type of business plan? The memo that Jerry received relates to the strategic overall plan for his company. If Jerry is directed to develop a personnel plan for Phoenix, what type of planning will Jerry be doing? When Jerry develops a personnel plan he will be working on a functional plan (personnel) designed to support the strategic plan. Joe Doe just started a business. He wants the business income to flow directly to his own personal tax return, but he wants to make sure that he has limited liability. What form(s) of business ownership would you recommend for Joe? Recommend either  a Subchapter S corporation or a Limited Liability Company. You buy 1,000 shares of ABC Company at $6 per share. The company is sued for millions of dolla rs, and ABC Co. is forced into bankruptcy. The newspaper stated that the cost of this suit would amount to $12 per share of stock. What is the maximum amount of money you can lose with this investment? Why? You can only lose $6,000 ($6 per share times the 1,000 shares). Since this is your investment in the corporation it is also your total liability. The price of $12 reported in the paper is irrelevant in this situation. Sam Jones, Mary Adams, and Larry Brown have been talking about starting their own business for several years. Sam is an electronic repairman, Mary is a partner in a large law firm, and Larry is an excellent sales person. Sam and Larry will work in the business on an equal basis. It will cost $100,000 to start this business. Sam has no money, Mary has $60,000 and Larry has $40,000. If they form a partnership, how would you recommend that they organize? You should recommend a limited partnership with Mary as the limited partner. Sam and Larry would be general partners and would each be paid a salary. The profits that accrue to the partnership after all expenses are paid would be divided with sixty percent going to Mary and forty percent going to Larry if share of profits were only based on financial contribution. The actual division o f the profits would be based on a partnership agreement because Sam would not want to have unlimited liability and no share of the profits. This business could also be formed as an LLC; then none of them would have unlimited liability, but would Mary agree to this since she is putting up most of the financial capital? This problem was inserted to stimulate discussion. Barry McGuire wants to purchase a dry-cleaning establishment. Barry has heard of the SWOT analysis and wants to use this methodology to determine whether he should purchase the business. He found the following information: The dry cleaner is located in a busy shopping center and currently does all the cleaning on the premises. It has three commercial accounts that comprise 20 percent of its business. The population in the local area is growing by approximately 6 percent per year. Located across the street in another shopping center is a price-cutting dry cleaner that advertises heavily in the local area. With the exception of this shopping center and the property across the street, all property in this area is zoned residential. Most of the residents in this area are professional  people who wear suits to work. The shop has an assumable lease, and the lease has a fixed rental fee for the next five years. Barry has had five years of experience in the dry-cleaning business, and would run the shop full time. Based on this information, perform a SWOT analysis. Strengths include the fact that Barry has five years of experience, dry cleaning business is already established, assumable lease, and fixed rent for next five years, commercial accounts for 20% of business. Weakness, none listed. Opportunities include fact that business is located in a busy shopping center, population is growing at 6% a year, residential area with residents being professional and wearing suits to work, no new competition because of favorable zoning. Threats include competition from price cutting business across the street. Joe Latte wants to open up a coffee and gelato shop. He figures with the popularity of coffee shops and Italian ice cream shops that a combination business will be a clear winner. Write a two page paper describing the following elements of a business plan: description of the business, factors affecting location, and product or service to be offered. This should be graded based on the rigor of the class and how much is assigned by the instructor for outside research. We recommend team discussion and specifics with regard to these items. 8 Joe Latte has completed a business plan and determined that it will take $120,000 to open the coffee and gelato shop. He has $30,000 of his own money and will have to obtain $90,000 in loans or grants. How should Joe go about getting financing? What is the probability that he can obtain a grant to start an Italian ice cream shop? Joe’s first step should be to complete a business plan and contact the local Small Business Association (SBA) and SCORE office to determine what financing is available. He should also check with local and state agencies for small business assistance. Depending on his credit rating and bank standing he can also contact local banks and financial institutions and shop for the best loan and interest rates. Chances of obtaining a grant for this type of business are very slim.

Doblar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Doblar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples The Spanish verb doblar has several different meanings. It can mean to fold (like laundry or paper), to bend (like metal), to turn (like turn left or right while walking or driving), to double (like to duplicate), or to dub (like to translate a movie from one language to another). Doblar is a regular -ar verb. That means that it is conjugated similarly to other regular -ar verbs like cortar, enseà ±ar and cenar. In this article you can find doblar conjugations in present, past, conditional, and future indicative mood, present and past subjunctive mood, imperative mood, and other verb forms. Present Indicative Yo doblo Yo doblo la ropa despuà ©s de lavarla. I fold the laundry after washing it. Tà º doblas Tà º doblas la carta para ponerla en el sobre. You fold the letter to put it in the envelope. Usted/à ©l/ella dobla Ella dobla las ganancias de su negocio. She doubles her business' profits. Nosotros doblamos Nosotros doblamos la cuchara de metal. We bend the metal spoon. Vosotros doblis Vosotros doblis a la derecha en la esquina. You turn right at the corner. Ustedes/ellos/ellas doblan Ellos doblan la pelà ­cula al italiano. They dub the movie to Italian. Preterite Indicative In Spanish there are two forms of the past tense. The preterite describes completed actions in the past. Yo doblà © Yo doblà © la ropa despuà ©s de lavarla. I folded the laundry after washing it. Tà º doblaste Tà º doblaste la carta para ponerla en el sobre. You folded the letter to put it in the envelope. Usted/à ©l/ella doblà ³ Ella doblà ³ las ganancias de su negocio. She doubled her business' profits. Nosotros doblamos Nosotros doblamos la cuchara de metal. We bent the metal spoon. Vosotros doblasteis Vosotros doblasteis a la derecha en la esquina. You turned right at the corner. Ustedes/ellos/ellas doblaron Ellos doblaron la pelà ­cula al italiano. They dubbed the movie to Italian. Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense describes ongoing or repeated actions in the past. It can be translated as was bending or used to bend. Yo doblaba Yo doblaba la ropa despuà ©s de lavarla. I used to fold the laundry after washing it. Tà º doblabas Tà º doblabas la carta para ponerla en el sobre. You used to fold the letter to put it in the envelope. Usted/à ©l/ella doblaba Ella doblaba las ganancias de su negocio. She used to doubleher business' profits. Nosotros doblbamos Nosotros doblbamosla cuchara de metal. We used to bendthe metal spoon. Vosotros doblabais Vosotros doblabais a la derecha en la esquina. You used to turnright at the corner. Ustedes/ellos/ellas doblaban Ellos doblaban la pelà ­cula al italiano. They used to dubthe movie to Italian. Future Indicative Yo doblarà © Yo doblarà © la ropa despuà ©s de lavarla. I will fold the laundry after washing it. Tà º doblars Tà º doblars la carta para ponerla en el sobre. You willfold the letter to put it in the envelope. Usted/à ©l/ella doblar Ella doblarlas ganancias de su negocio. She will doubleher business' profits. Nosotros doblaremos Nosotros doblaremosla cuchara de metal. Wewill bendthe metal spoon. Vosotros doblarà ©is Vosotros doblarà ©is a la derecha en la esquina. You willturnright at the corner. Ustedes/ellos/ellas doblarn Ellos doblarn la pelà ­cula al italiano. They will dubthe movie to Italian. Periphrastic  Future Indicative   Yo voy a doblar Yo voya doblar la ropa despuà ©s de lavarla. I am going to fold the laundry after washing it. Tà º vasa doblar Tà º vasa doblar la carta para ponerla en el sobre. You aregoing tofold the letter to put it in the envelope. Usted/à ©l/ella vaa doblar Ella vaa doblar las ganancias de su negocio. She isgoing to doubleher business' profits. Nosotros vamosa doblar Nosotros vamosa doblar la cuchara de metal. Wearegoing to bendthe metal spoon. Vosotros vaisa doblar Vosotros vaisa doblar a la derecha en la esquina. You aregoing toturnright at the corner. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana doblar Ellos vana doblar la pelà ­cula al italiano. They aregoing to dubthe movie to Italian. Present Progressive/Gerund Form The gerund or present participle is the English -ing form. It is used sometimes as an adverb or for progressive tenses like the present progressive. Present Progressive ofDoblar est doblando Ella est doblando las ganancias de su negocio. She is doubling her business' profits. Past Participle The past participle is often used to form perfect tenses like the present perfect. Present Perfect of Doblar ha doblado Ella ha doblado las ganancias de su negocio. She has doubled her business' profits. Conditional Indicative The conditional tense is used to talk about possibilities. Yo doblarà ­a Yo doblarà ­a la ropa despuà ©s de lavarla si tuviera tiempo. I would fold the laundry after washing it if I had time. Tà º doblarà ­as Tà º doblarà ­as la carta para ponerla en el sobre, pero no la enviars. You wouldfold the letter to put it in the envelope, but you will not send it. Usted/à ©l/ella doblarà ­a Ella doblarà ­alas ganancias de su negocio si trabajara ms. She would doubleher business' profits if she worked more. Nosotros doblarà ­amos Nosotros doblarà ­amosla cuchara de metal si fuà ©ramos ms fuertes. Wewould bendthe metal spoon if we were stronger. Vosotros doblarà ­ais Vosotros doblarà ­ais a la derecha en la esquina, pero es el camino incorrecto. You wouldturnright at the corner, but it's the wrong way. Ustedes/ellos/ellas doblarà ­an Ellos doblarà ­an la pelà ­cula al italiano si lo hablaran bien. They would dubthe movie to Italian if they spoke it well. Present Subjunctive The present subjunctive is used to express a desire, doubt, denial, emotion, negation, possibility, or other subjective situations. Sentences that employ the present subjunctive require two clauses. Que yo doble Mi madre espera que yo doble la ropa despuà ©s de lavarla. My mother hopes that I fold the laundry after washing it. Que tà º dobles El cartero pide que tà º dobles la carta antes de ponerla en el sobre. The mailman asks that you fold the letter before putting it in the envelope. Que usted/à ©l/ella doble El jefe espera que ella doble las ganancias de su negocio. The boss hopes that she double her business' profits. Que nosotros doblemos Pedro no recomienda que nosotros doblemos la cuchara de metal. Pedro does not recommend that we bend the metal spoon. Que vosotros doblà ©is El navegador sugiere que vosotros doblà ©is a la derecha en la esquina. The navigator suggests that you turn right at the corner. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas doblen Pablo pide que ellos doblen la pelà ­cula al italiano. Pablo asks that they dub the movie to Italian. Imperfect Subjunctive There are two options for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive: Option 1 Que yo doblara Mi madre esperaba que yo doblara la ropa despuà ©s de lavarla. My mother hoped that I fold the laundry after washing it. Que tà º doblaras El cartero pedà ­a que tà º doblaras la carta antes de ponerla en el sobre. The mailman asked that you fold the letter before putting it in the envelope. Que usted/à ©l/ella doblara El jefe esperaba que ella doblara las ganancias de su negocio. The boss hoped that she double her business' profits. Que nosotros doblramos Pedro no recomendaba que nosotros doblramosla cuchara de metal. Pedro did not recommend that we bend the metal spoon. Que vosotros doblarais El navegador sugerà ­a que vosotros doblarais a la derecha en la esquina. The navigator suggested that you turn right at the corner. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas doblaran Pablo pedà ­a que ellos doblaran la pelà ­cula al italiano. Pablo asked that they dub the movie to Italian. Option 2 Que yo doblase Mi madre esperaba que yo doblase la ropa despuà ©s de lavarla. My mother hoped that I fold the laundry after washing it. Que tà º doblases El cartero pedà ­a que tà º doblases la carta para ponerla en el sobre. The mailman asked that you fold the letter to put it in the envelope. Que usted/à ©l/ella doblase El jefe esperaba que ella doblase las ganancias de su negocio. The boss hoped that she double her business' profits. Que nosotros doblsemos Pedro no recomendaba que nosotros doblsemosla cuchara de metal. Pedro did not recommend that we bend the metal spoon. Que vosotros doblaseis El navegador sugerà ­a que vosotros doblaseis a la derecha en la esquina. The navigator suggested that you turn right at the corner. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas doblasen Pablo pedà ­a que ellos doblasen la pelà ­cula al italiano. Pablo asked that they dub the movie to Italian. Imperative The imperative mood is used to give orders or commands. There are both positive and negative commands. Positive Commands Tà º dobla  ¡Dobla la carta para ponerla en el sobre! Fold the letter to put it in the envelope! Usted doble  ¡Doble las ganancias de su negocio! Double your business' profits! Nosotros doblemos  ¡Doblemos la cuchara de metal! Let's bend the metal spoon! Vosotros doblad  ¡Doblad a la derecha en la esquina! Turn right at the corner! Ustedes doblen  ¡Doblen la pelà ­cula al italiano! Dub the movie to Italian! Negative Commands Tà º no dobles  ¡No dobles la carta para ponerla en el sobre! Don't fold the letter to put it in the envelope! Usted no doble  ¡No doble las ganancias de su negocio! Don't double your business' profits! Nosotros no doblemos  ¡No doblemos la cuchara de metal! Let's not bend the metal spoon! Vosotros no doblà ©is  ¡No doblà ©is a la derecha en la esquina! Don't turn right at the corner! Ustedes no doblen  ¡No doblen la pelà ­cula al italiano! Don't dub the movie to Italian!

Learning to Learn Skills as a Foundation

Learning to Learn Skills as a Foundation Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and other developmental disabilities often lack skills that are pre-requisites for success in school. Before a child can acquire language, hold a scissors or pencil, or learn from instruction, he or she needs to be able to sit still, pay attention and imitate the behaviors or remember the content of instruction. These skills are commonly known, among practitioners of Applied Behavior Analysis, as Learning to Learn Skills: In order to succeed with children with Autism, it is important that you evaluate whether they have those learning to learn skills. The Skill Set Waiting: Can the student stay in place while you arrange materials, or begin a session?Sitting: Can the student stay seated, on both buttocks, in a chair?Attending to others and materials: Can you get the student to pay attention to you (the instructor) or when presented with materials?Changing responses based on prompts: Will the student change what he/she is doing if directed to do so, with physical, gestural or verbal prompts.Following instructions: When given instructions, will the child comply? This implies that the child has receptive language.Following choral, or group instructions: Does the child follow directions when given to a whole group? Or does the child only respond to directions given with their name? The Continuum The learning to learn skills above are really arranged in a continuum. A child may learn to wait, but may not be able to sit appropriately, at a table. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders often have co-morbid problems, such as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD ) and may have never sat for more than a few seconds in one spot. By finding reinforcement that a child really wants, you can often shape these primary behavioral skills. Once you have completed a reinforcement assessment (evaluating and discovering reinforcement that your child will work for,) you can begin to assess where a child is on the continuum. Will he sit and wait for a preferred food item? You can move from the preferred food item to a favorite or preferred toy. If the child has sitting and waiting skills, you can expand it to find if the child will attend to materials or instruction. Once that is evaluated, you can move on. Most often, if a child has attending skills, he may also have receptive language. If not, that will be the first step of teaching the ability to respond to prompts. Prompting. Prompting also falls on a continuum, from hand over hand to gestural prompts, with the focus on fading prompts to reach independence. When paired with language, it will also build receptive language. Receptive language is critical for the next step. Following directions If a child will respond correctly to prompts, when paired with words, you can teach following directions. If a child already responds to verbal directions, the next thing to assess is: Does a child follow choral or group instructions? When a child can do this, he or she is ready to spend time in the general education classroom. This should hopefully be an outcome for all our children, even if only in a limited way. Teaching the Learning to Learn Skills The learning to learn skills can be taught either in one to one sessions with an ABA therapist (should be supervised by a Board Certified Behavior Analyst, or BCBA) or in an early intervention classroom by the teacher or a classroom aide with training. Often, in early intervention classrooms, you will have children who come in with a range of abilities in the learning to learn skills and you will need to focus the attention of a single aide on children who most need to build the basic sitting and waiting skills. The instructional model for ABA, like the model for behavior, follows an ABC sequence: A: Instruction. This needs to fit the outcome. If the first instruction is to sit, you may have to physically guide the child into the chair, accompanied by a verbal description of what is happening: Sit down, please. Okay, were sitting with our feet on the floor, our bum on the chair.B: Behavior. What the behavior is will determine the next step.C: Feedback. This is either correcting the response or praise, either paired with reinforcement, a token (secondary reinforcement) or once you have some behavioral momentum, every second to fourth correct response, or correction. The most important thing is to be clear about what is the desired response - you never want to reinforce an incorrect response (although an approximation is appropriate when shaping behavior. Called Discrete Trial Teaching, each instructional trial is very brief. The trick is to mass the trials, in other words, bring the instruction on hard and heavy, increasing the amount of time that the child/client is engaged in the targeted behavior, whether it is sitting, sorting, or writing a novel. (Okay, thats a bit of an exaggeration.) At the same time the teacher/therapist will be spreading out the reinforcement, so that each successful trial will get feedback, but not necessarily access to reinforcement. The Goal The final outcome should be that students with Autism Spectrum Disorders will be able to succeed in more naturalistic settings, if not actually in a general education classroom. Pairing secondary or social reinforcers with those primary reinforcers (preferred items, food, etc.) will help children with more challenging disabilities function appropriately in the community, interact with people appropriately and learn to communicate, if not to use language and interact with typical peers.

Culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Culture - Assignment Example In his article, Martin Lever explores and clarifies the importance of nurses being knowlegdable in the culture of their patients especially when dealing with individual patients(Leever, 2011). He argues that the competence of nurses in culture is likely to contribute to positive results in the healthcare of a person they are caring for . Lisa Bearskin in her article agrees with Martin Leever that indeed possession of cultural competence by nurses has a positive impact on the patients. She points out that the nursing profession has evolved over the years in terms of appreciating and including culture in delivery of service to the patients (Bearskin, 2011). However, she advises that the nurses should not focus only on being competent in culture but also concentrate on â€Å"cultural safety by way of relational ethics† as â€Å"a more respectful way to achieve ethical nursing practice in everyday situations† (Bearskin, 2011, p.557). Nurses should pay close attention to the specific needs of each individual patient in order to achieve their objective of delivering the best healthcare service to the patient. Health care facilities should therefore position themselves by ensuring that they are prepared and ready to accommodate the cultural needs of their patients and should show that commitment through adequate training of their nurse staff (Leever,

The Consequences of Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Consequences of Economic Growth - Essay Example This discussion highlights that  with increased economic transaction between populations within and outside of national borders have led to greater economic growth throughout many parts of the planet.   Employment increases, the cost of products decrease to a competitive market level, and the number of firms and the quality of firms increase.   As a developing economy grows, there is a greater propensity and incentive for foreign governments to provide some form of economic aid, which is also in their benefits for their own economic expansion.From the study it is clear that  with the spread of commerce comes the spread of newer technologies. With the breakthroughs in technologies in the telecommunications industry, the technology itself has become more accessible for lower income customers.   Anyone with an internet connection can now communicate and do business with anyone else in the world.   This has led to a rapid growth in traditionally lesser-developed countries, be cause now there is a productive work force with the means to enlarge their economic fortunes.   With the greater diffusion of technologies, entrepreneurs have become more empowered and enfranchised with freedom to pursue business ventures and this had led to a growth in business.  Nations with no economic development at all are subject to civil war, systemic poverty, famine, and political instability, as often and tragically observed in Sub-Saharan Africa or Central Asia in the present day.  Ã‚  

Discussion-MODULE 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion-MODULE 5 - Essay Example The Chinese rivers fostered agricultural development and population growth while the Chinese coastline and the Grand Canal unified China by promoting communication and integration. The Chinese history entailed Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties that developed early ideologies. The Confucian ideology promoted the Xia dynasty. The Shang dynasty promoted the development of Bronze technology and written language as well as ancestral beliefs. The Zhou dynasty established a strong centralized government that manifested how heaven delegates authority to strong and wise rulers and condemns failed leaders. From the primary source readings, we derive the Confucian philosophy that valued universal order, respect of children for their parents, moral cultivation of men, social harmony, state service, and ethical and competent leadership. The Confucian philosophy asserts that a virtuous person should know their place in the society and offer their best. Daoism addressed violence, arbitrary laws, and strict social hierarchy by valuing a simple and individual life. Daoism asserts that a virtuous person should cultivate harmony with nature and with other individuals by living a simple life and fostering unity of purpose. Legalism values strict laws and harsh punishments to maintain centralized leadership. It also values the head of state as a divine leader who should derive respect and authority from a virtuous person. From the video "Engineering an Empire,† Qin Shih Huang Di came to power after defeating the last Warring State in 221 BC and declaring himself the first Sovereign Emperor of Qin. Qin Shih Huang Di brought stability and unity to China after the Warring States Period by introducing a new currency, standardizing the Chinese units of measurements, abolishing Confucianism and feudalism, and using military power to enhance state unity. Indeed, Qin Shih Huang Di manifested extensive power by relying on military power, abolishing feudal holdings, forcing

Insulin Production From Genetically Modified Bacteria Biology Essay

Insulin Production From Genetically Modified Bacteria Biology Essay In the 1970s people suffering from diabetes mellitus used insulin from cattle pigs, but this was expensive time consuming. Moreover insulin from other animals was not exactly as same as those in humans, causing many side-effects. Also many people were against the use of animal insulin for ethical or religious reasons. This problem had to be solved in 1970s biotechnological companies began working of genetically modifying a bacterium to produce insulin by insertion of a human gene. many different methods were tried tested, then finally in the early 1980s they suceeded, this was agreat achievement in the science world. the procedure was as follows :- Isolation of insulin gene insulin is a small protein . the first challenge was to isloate the insulin gene from the rest of the DNA in the human cell. But there was a problem doing so directly, instead the mRNA carrying the code for synthesizing insulin was extracted from the cells in the pancreas that produces insulin, called B-cells. then the mRNA was left in incubation with reverse transcriptase, reverse transcriptase is a special retrovirus, it does the opposite of transcription i.e codes for DNA from RNA, this newly coded DNA is called complimentary DNA or simply cDNA. at first single stranded molecules were formed, which then turned in double helix. these DNA molecules carried the code for human insulin. these DNA molecules then needed to be stuck to other DNA strands, so they were given sticky ends by adding lenghts of single stranded DNA made up of guanine nucleotide to each end using enzyymes. insertion of gene into a vector for the human insulin gene to be inserted into a bacterium, there has to be an intermediate carrier of the gene called a vector this was a plasmid. plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA found in many bacteria. plasmids can freely move into bacterium cells and if we are able to insert the human DNA inside the plasmid then insert plasmid into a bacterium. To obatin the plasmids from the bacteria containing them, these bacteria frist had to be mixed with enzymes to dissolve their cell walls. then centrifuged so that large organelles e.g chromosomes small ones like plasmids would be seperated. restriction enzymes were used to slice open the the circular DNA making up the plasmid. sticky ends were added again but this time the nucleotide used to make them conatined cytosine guanine bases on their ends paired up. DNA ligase was then used to link the nucleotide backbone together so that the human insulin gene became part of tthe plasmid. this was the manufacture of recombinant DNA. Advantages of treating diabetes by human insulin There are a number of advantages of using the human insulin produced by genetically engineered bacteria: it is chemically identical to the insulin that would have been produced had they not been diabetic, so there is little chance of an immune response because it is an exact fit in the human insulin receptors in human cell surface membranes, it brings about a much more rapid response than pig or cow insulin, like natural human insulin, the duration of the response is much shorter than pig or cattle insulin, it overcomes problems related to the development of a tolerance to insulin from pigs or cattle, it avoids any ethical issues that might arise from the use pig or cattle insulin, for example, religious objections to the use of pig insulin or objections from vegetarians to the use of animal products. Benefits of gene technology Through gene technology, it is now possible to produce: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ genetically modified organisms for a specific purpose. Previously, such genetic change would have to be brought about by selective breeding which requires organisms to be of the same species (able to breed successfully together), takes many generations and involves transfer of whole genomes, complete with undesirable background genes. Gene technology is much faster and involves transferring one or few genes, which may come from completely unrelated organisms, even from different kingdoms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ specific products, such as human insulin and human growth hormone, thereby reducing the dependence on products from other, less reliable sources, such as pig or cow insulin. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ reduce use of agrochemicals such as herbicides and pesticides since crops can be made resistant to particular herbicides, or can be made to contain toxins that kill insects à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ clean up specific pollutants and waste materials bioremediation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ potential for use of gene technology to treat genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis (see below) and SCID (Severe Combined Immune Deficiency) as well as in cancer treatment. Hazards of genetic engineering Genes inserted into bacteria could be transferred into other bacterial species, potentially including antibiotic resistance genes and those for other materials, which could result in antibiotic resistance in pathogens, or in bacteria that can produce toxic materials or break down useful materials. Regulation is designed to minimise the risks of escape of such genes. There is little evidence that such genes have escaped into wild bacterial populations. Crop plants have, by their nature, to be released into the environment to grow, and many millions of hectares of genetically engineered crops, both experimental and commercial, are planted across the globe. So far, fears that they might turn out to be super-weeds, resistant to herbicides and spreading uncontrollably, or that their genes might transfer into other closely related wild species, forming a different kind of super-weed, or that they might reduce biodiversity by genetic contamination of wild relatives seem to have proved unfounded. A paper was published in Nature in 2001 showing that Mexican wild maize populations were contaminated with genes from genetically manipulated maize, but the methods used were flawed and subsequent studies have not confirmed this contamination, suggesting that the wild maize is not genetically contaminated. There is some evidence that Bt toxin, geneticially engineered into plants such as cotton and maize, whilst very effective in killing the targe t species, may kill other, desirable, insects such as bees and butterflies, and may also cause natural selection of Bt toxin resistant insects. Future events may show that such environmental risks are greater than they look at present. Food that is derived from genetically engineered organisms may prove to be unexpectedly toxic or to trigger allergic reactions when consumed. There is little reliable evidence that this has been so, but the risk remains. Food containing the expressed products of antibiotic resistance marker genes could be consumed at the same time as treatment with the antibiotic was occurring, which would potentially reduce the effectiveness of the treatment. No examples of this are known. social ethical implocations of genetic engineering ethics are set of rules set by people distinguishing between whats acceptable and whats not, between whats right and whats wrong. these ethics or rules change from a person to person depedning upon knowledge, experience, social influnce, religious influence etc. The social impact of gene technology is to do with its potential and actual impact of human society and individuals. In terms of social impact, gene technology could: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ enhance crop yields and permit crops to grow outside their usual location or season so that people have more food à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ enhance the nutritional content of crops so that people are better fed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ permit better targeted clean-up of wastes and pollutants à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ lead to production of more effective and cheaper medicines and treatments through genetic manipulation of microorganisms and agricultural organisms to make medicines and genetic manipulation of human cells and individuals (gene therapy) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ produce super-weeds or otherwise interfere with ecosystems in unexpected ways, reducing crop yields so that people have less food à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increase costs of seed and prevent seed from being retained for sowing next year (by inclusion of genes to kill any seed produced this way) reducing food production à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ reduce crop biodiversity by out-competing natural crops so that people are less well fed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ damage useful materials such as oil or plastic in unexpected ways à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cause antibiotics to become less useful and cause allergic reactions or disease in other unexpected ways The ethical impact is about the application of moral frameworks concerning the principles of conduct governing individuals and groups, including what might be thought to be right or wrong, good or bad. So in the context of gene technology, it is to do with issues of whether is right or wrong to conduct research and develop technologies, whether it is good or bad. Judgements may be that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is good to conduct such research to develop technologies that might improve nutrition, the environment or health à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is good to use the results of such research to produce food, to enhance the environment or improve health à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is wrong to continue such research when the potential impact of the technology is unknown and many aspects of it remain to be understood. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is wrong to use the results of such research even when the organisms are kept in carefully regulated environments such as sterile fermenters as the risks of the organisms or the genes they contain escaping are too great and unknown à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is wrong to use the results of such research when this involves release of gene technology into the environment as once it is released it cannot be taken back the genes are self-perpetuating, and the risks that they might cause in future are unknown The social and ethical implications of gene technology are complex and relatively unfamiliar to people who are not scientists, including those involved in the media and in government. This complexity and unfamiliarity is the cause of considerable concern and debate. In considering the implications of gene technology the best approach is to avoid the general (e.g. avoid it is bad to play God) and stick to the specific and balanced (e.g. it is possible to increase food crop yields with gene technology so more people can be fed, but there is enough food already if it is properly distributed, so people should not be forced to eat products with unknown risks).

Machiavellis the Prince: By Any Means Necessary :: essays research papers

Machiavelli's "The Prince": By Any Means Necessary Part 15 of Machiavelli's The Prince, entitled Of the Things for Which Men, and Especially Princes, Are Praised or Blamed, states that, in order for a man to maintain control of a government and better that territory, he must engage in certain actions that may be deemed immoral by the public he serves. Machiavelli argues a valid point, that the nature of man is twofold, encompassing good and evil, right and wrong. The effectiveness of his argument, however, relies on the fact that the person reading his essay is an objective observer of human nature. Not leaving this to chance, Machiavelli plays a psychological game with the reader in order to convince them of his argument. Machiavelli prefaces his thesis with commentary that attempts to place the reader in a subordinate state-of-mind. He confesses to the reader that he fears sounding presumptuous for writing about a subject covered many times before by others and differing from their opinion in the matter. This statement places the author at the mercy of the reader and prepares them to hear an idea that may not be popular. Having been asked forgiveness for the pride of the author, the reader drops barriers that he may have against arguments driven by ego and opens his mind to Machiavelli on a personal, sincere level. By placing himself at the feet of the reader, Machiavelli puts himself and his argument in a position of power. He wastes no time in using this power to gain more control over the reader. In the next sentence he states that his intention is to create an outline for behavior in public office â€Å" of use to those who understand†. This statement compels the reader to agree with the points that the trustworthy, forthright Machiavelli argues, or be relegated the ranks of those ignorant dullards that do not understand. Machiavelli then presents his thesis, that a ruler must use both good and evil in order to maintain his power over the state. The reader has almost no choice but to accept this idea before any proof has been given. With the reader in the palm of his hand, Machiavelli needs only to make a very general argument of his point to convince the reader of its validity. The author states that there are actions for which a prince is either praised or blamed. He lists many examples of good qualities and their opposing attitudes. Instead of labeling them good and evil, however, Machiavelli titles them imaginary and real. By calling the good traits and the leader who possesses

Health safety and the environment report feyzin

The aim of this project is to describe the incident which took place in Feyzin, south of France, on Tuesday January 4th 1966. This project describes the history of the refinery, a description of the LPG manufacture processes, the cause of the accident, details of the accident, inquires and safety measures, conclusion and personal recommendations. A focus group for the project was the first approach on research to explore people's ideas and attitudes to the accident. There were several weekly group meetings excluding the weekly tutor meetings putting forward ideas discussing whether the accident could have been for seen and reasonable measures were in place. Each member of the group was assigned a particular area in which they were to collect information. The required information was gathered from various highly reliable sources such as a HSE investigation. History And Background Information. Feyzin is situated in the suburbs of Lyon in the southern part of France. The France national petroleum was located in Feyzin. The refinery at Feyzin had started operating in 1964. The main objective of this processing plant was to produce 1.7 million tonnes a year of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). LPG is a by-product of the distillation of oil from crude oil. When the distillate is put under pressure its physical state changes into a liquid. It is in this form that LPG is transported around in cylinder tanks. Because of the relatively short life span of the site prior to the incident, the cascade of events may be relatively short and that major issues will have risen during both the design and construction of the site. We can assume now that the plant was between its 1st and 2nd year of operation. LPG is a combination of Propane (Pressure 12 Bar, 37 degrees Celsius) and Butane (Pressure 2.6 Bar, 37 degrees Celsius).The LPG is used as an alternative to petrol.[Aarding India Pvt Ltd, 2007] The LPG is important because it is widely used as a fuel for vehicles and as cooking gas since its manufacture. They are also used as Industrial fuel and heating oils which are vital for many process plants. [Herman F. Mark et al, 1982] LPG is employed for starting up solid-fuel and oil-fired boilers supplying turbo generators. It is potential stand by for gas turbine generating equipment run on interruptible gas supplies. Its use for peak-load turbines will be economical to some circumstances. [BP trading ltd, 1972] Cascade events The causes of the deadly incident which took place at Feyzin There were quite a few reasons reported which were believed to be the causes of the explosion. Cause of the leakage: Three operators opened 2-inch valves which were mounted in series at a bottom of a 1200m3 propane spherical tank. The valves did not close at a LPG tank which contained 1200kl propane, which led to the leakage of LPG gas, a major cause of the explosion. For LPG that is Propane gas, when the pressure is lowered to atmospheric one the temp drops to -40. At this temperature moisture in air is frozen, but also the moisture reacts with LPG forming a solid hydrate. So either the downstream valve did not close tightly because of hydrate formation or the valve handle was stuck by the frozen moisture. This accident was believed to be caused as the upstream valve was not opened fully and the pressure at the outlet of the first valve was near the atmospheric pressure, the pressure difference cooled. It is very wrong to operate the valve system like that. Therefore, the cause of the explosion is either the operator's human mistake or a mistake on the management not to inform the proper execution of the operation. Cause of the ignition: The leaked LPG is presumed to be travelled for a distance and spread along the ground. A car driving down a local road might have sparked the ignition which is maybe due to the driver's cigarette or the car engine's hot temperature. Note that the layout of the plant was restricted to the landscape; a highway was constructed just 50m away from the large LPG tanks which exploded during the incident. Moreover there was no dike around the tanks which exploded, when large amount of LPG leaked, the vapour flew along the ground to the highway. The main cause of the ignition is that there was no dike around the LPG tanks and the distance regulation insufficient. Secondly, the legs of the spherical tank were made of iron which weren't fire proof. Thirdly, is that the distance between the adjacent tanks was really close, The actual distance between the centre of the tanks was just 27m according to the facility information provided. This proves that the adjacent tanks were affected so easily from the explosion of the first tank. Event A BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) was the disaster that occurred at Feyzin. It is an explosion phenomenon caused by the rapid phase change (vaporization) of a liquid. At 6:30am three operators started the water draining operation of a tank. Two valves were opened in series on the bottom of the sphere. When the operation was nearly complete, the upper valve was closed and then cracked open again. No flow came out of the cracked valve, so it was opened further. The blockage, assumed to be ice or hydrate, cleared and propane gushed out. The operator was unable to close the upper valve and by the time he attempted to close the lower valve this was also frozen open. The LPG leak started here because that valve was not closed completely. After a few minutes the operators were covered in propane vapour. The leaking LPG spread in the direction of the highway, with partially vaporizing. The alarm rang in the control room at this time. At around 7:05am; the alarm rang and it is not clear if it rang throughout the Feyzin districts or just the Feyzin refinery. The first fire truck of the factory turned out immediately. After this the traffic on the highway next to the refinery was stopped. The fire brigade of Lyon arrived at 7:20. Just after 7:30am, a car came and stopped on the local road where the traffic had not been stopped. The explosion apparently occurred after the car had stopped. The fire increased in power, spread along the leaking LPG, and the tank was overcome with flames immediately. By 8:40am the first tank at the refinery exploded by the BLEVE. The second and third spherical tanks exploded five minutes later. Two more spherical tanks and many oil tanks burned continuously. The next day in the morning the fire was extinguished. As a result of this it was reported that 18-81 persons died and about 80-130 persons got injured included members of the fire fighting team. The physical damage included five LPG tanks, many atmospheric tanks containing crude oil and jet fuel, and so on. The Feyzin Refinery suffered extensive damage. The LPG tank farm where the sphere was located consisted of four 1200 m3 propane and four 2000 m3 butane spheres. The fire brigade arrived on site, but were not experienced in dealing in refinery fires, and it appears they did not attempt to cool the burning sphere. They concentrated their hoses on cooling the remaining spheres. About 90 minutes after the initial leakage, the sphere ruptured, killing the men nearby. A wave of liquid propane flowed over the compound wall and fragments of the ruptured sphere cut through the legs of the next sphere which toppled over. The relief valve on this tank began to emit liquid. What is believed to have happened on the day of the accident is: the upstream valve was not opened fully and the pressure at the outlet of the first valve was near atmospheric pressure, hence the upstream valve was cooled by the pressure difference. It is absolutely prohibited to operate valves in such manner. Therefore, the cause of the accident is either the operator's human error or a mistake on management side in not explaining the proper operation protocols. Another contributing factor to the accident is that the operator did not close the downstream valve. There is insufficient information available to why this valve was not closed. It is assumed that either ice is generated in the downstream valve like in the upstream valve or a rapid large LPG leak occurred, the operator may have panicked when they could not close the upstream valve and therefore may have not remembered to close the downstream valve. Basically they had to decrease the downstream valve opening when the LPG began to appear in the drain water. Then the valve had to be closed at the end of the drain work. Either they forgot to carry out this procedure or they could not close the second valve because it had also become stuck by freezing. 1) Valve A is closed 2) Valve A cracks open 3) Valve A becomes blocked due to freezing 4) No flow through valve A 5) Valve A is opened 6) Ice block in valve A becomes dislodged 7) Valve A freezes in open position 8) Unable to close valve A 9) Valve B freezes in open position 10) Unable to close valve B 11) Pressure sphere fluid leaks through open valves 12) Fluid level in pressure vessel drops decreasing internal pressure 13) Liquid propane begins to boil due to pressure drop 14) Pressure in vessel increases due to liberated gaseous propane 15) Fluid flow through valves A and B increases due to increase in pressure 16) Vessel pressure continues to increase 17) Pressure vessel ruptures 18) Gaseous propane escapes vessel Recommendations and summary * Geographical location and details * History of Feyzin, including cascade events * Incident timeline and possible description of why it happened * Geographical effects of the incident * Results of the inquiry and official recommendations * Personal recommendations not covered by the enquiry Geographical location and details In order to get a better understanding of the scale of the Feyzin incident, it is important to note the location of the site in regards to the local area in which the site was and still is positioned. This will give an indication to understanding the safety procedures that were in place at the time of the incident and how emergency procedures were carried out at the time. It has proven very difficult to obtain a clear picture of the geographical location either prior to or following the incident of the site and so it will be assumed that the current location of the site, circa 2009, is the same location at the time of the incident. Close examination of this map may also indicate the most likely positioning of the epicentre of the primary detonation. Fig 1. Map of Feyzin Birds eye view 2009 Sandwiched between the A7 Expressway to the east of the site and the ‘Le grand large' river to the west, on close examination, it appears that some form of storage containers are located just west of the top E15 label in the image. This may lead us to assume that the storage containers were in the same location prior to the 1966 incident. On a broader scale it may also be seen that this location is approximately 10 km south of the major city of Lyon. Research suggests that at the time of the incident, the site lacked any serious on site systems in case of a major crisis, relying more on the local public services to resolve anything arising such as the incident in question. Again on close inspection of the map, it can be seen that the site is placed within a fairly urbanised area. Again we must assume a similar layout at the time of the incident though populations will be quite different from the 1966 incident and the 2009 map. This will assist in understanding the cause of the incident overall and the scale of the overall effect in this area. Apart from just repeating the timeline for the actual incident, it is important to try and understand why the incident took place, outside of the events leading up to and after what happened. The sequence of events surrounding the cracking and freezing of the ‘upper' valve, and the subsequent rupture of the pressure vessel need to be understood, in order to get a better understanding of how such a crises may be avoided in the future. These events may only have taken place over a very short time frame but they are essential to understanding the crises. One of the critical questions that should be asked is why following the closure of valve A and the subsequent cracking and freezing up of the valve, was the valve then opened. Thus allowing the ice block to become dislodged and the rest of the above sequence to take place. The reasons for this particular action, in opening valve A may be described in four ways. The first possibility may be a simple case of curiosity. The valve was closed and froze, and so to check that the valve was still properly operational was then opened. The second possibility is that the correct procedure for such an event was not properly followed. That the correct procedure would have stated that in such an event, the valve should have been kept closed and the problem be properly reported to maintenance. Therefore the valve operator was responsible for the incident that took place. The third possibility is that no official procedure or training had been formulated for such an event. Therefore panic may have ensued resulting in the opening of the valve as a panic decision which can therefore be described as human error. The fourth possibility is that the official procedure was followed properly and that the procedure was critically floored. So the issue of a misunderstanding of such an event or even ignorance of such was present at the time of this crisis. The third possibility seems likely case based on the immediate actions of the individual as he made the decision not to use a phone close to the pressure tank and instead ran approximately 800 meters to the next nearest phone in the fear of causing a detonation of the released vapour cloud. The fourth possibility may also have some bearing in the crisis as prior to this event, the term BLEVE had still not been discovered or at least recorded prior to this. The rest of the sequence should be covered in the full breakdown of the crisis. An important issue to be considered is the overall control displayed by both the emergency and municipal authorities during the crisis. Even though the A7 expressway was closed following the leak, the authorities failed to close the local roads to all traffic, which resulted in a car being within 160 meters of the leaking pressure tank and causing the point of ignition. The failings in the emergency service appear to be more in association with a lack of sufficient training in the order of dealing with industrial crises as it was primarily there to deal with public situations. This resulted in a fatal misunderstanding of how to control such a situation as a leaking pressure tank and resulting fire, due to a lack of prior knowledge which is strengthened in the term BLEVE only being created some 4 to 5 years later Results of the enquiry and official recommendations The official investigation was not fully resolved until 1971 by the Grenoble court case. This may have been due to political reasons or due to the enquiry investigating why the crisis had occurred in the first place. On the principal that such events have happened since the Feyzin disaster, it cannot be assumed that the enquiry was successful in bringing about sufficient change in the safety of pressurised fluid containment. Personal recommendations not covered by the enquiry The first recommendations are for the design and construction of all current and future proposed plants dealing with pressurised fluid containment. The second recommendations are in association with work practices involved on chemical plants in general. Third valve (reserve): A third valve should be installed for the purpose of maintenance and crisis control. To be kept open at all times so as not to induce unnecessary wear and tear on the valve. When maintenance is required to be carried out on the two principal valves, the reserve can be shut to allow for maintenance to be carried out safely. In the event of a crisis similar to that of Feyzin, this valve can be shut as an emergency back up system in minimising fluid leakage from the pressure vessel. ‘Cold' pipe lagging: In order to prevent freezing of any pipes or valves dealing with potentially ‘cold' fluids, lagging should be fitted to all appropriate pipe work and fittings in order to minimise any potential freezing of these systems. Systems not dealing with ‘cold' fluids must be scrutinised independent of this point. Rubber sealed pressure box: High pressure boxes should be installed around all vital valves dealing with pressurised fluids. They should be big enough to allow for ease of working but not to big as to incur any additional hazard to plant running. They should be designed with an environmental rubberised seal so that if a valve begins to leak, the box can but locked shut with an emergency key. Thus minimising any excessive leakage until the situation can be bought under control. See: A third valve (reserve) Deluge system – Control box and master switch: If geographically located near to a natural water source as in the case of the Feyzin site, a deluge system should be installed. It must have pipe work leading to all critical locations around the entirety of the plant. This system must be regularly checked so as to remain in good working order. Each piece of equipment covered by this system must be fitted with a local switch, so in the event of either a leak or a fire, the operator can activate the system in order to prevent escalation of the situation. A central control post should be equipped with a control panel covering all local deluge systems via an override system and also be installed with a master switch that can activate all systems at once. This will allow for the main operator to activate systems in a sequence or all at once should a major sit6uation occur. Communication is vital for this system to work properly, so an emergency phone network should be installed in order to insure proper working of the system. This will only be part of the solution and fire brigades properly trained with dealing with such an event will ensure that the crisis is resolved effectively. Completion of site before going online: It is important that a site should be safe to operate before going online. In the case of Feyzin, the site was still under construction when the accident occurred. Even though construction work may not have been the cause of the incident, neither can the incompletion of the site be assumed to have helped in the scale of the incident itself. So before a plant can go online, all safety systems must be installed. This is not to be confused with site maintenance which is an ongoing process throughout the plants lifetime. Inclusion of full earthworks around site: Only effective if any vapour or fluid is heavier than atmospheric air. May also be affected by environmental conditions, however if all other systems are overwhelmed, then this system is designed to delay the spread of any possible leak. Earth works should be built around all containment vessels and if possible the entire site. So in case of an emergency, any leaking vapour may be contained within the confines of either the leaking vessel or the plant. Fig. 2 illustration of valves which were major cause of accident Preventions To prevent valves from freezing redundant sampling valves and drain valves are installed in series. In the tank involved in this accident, the double valve was already installed. In the LPG tank, the doubling of the valve is a minimum requirement as in the case of a single valve, there is a strong possibility that the valves main body will be cooled, damaging the closing function of the valve by freezing of the moisture in the air. The distance between the two valves must be sufficient to prevent the low temperature of the second valve affecting it. The size of the second valve must be approximately 10mm or less. It is recommended that a distance of 1m or more to be allowed between valve 1 and 2. Counter measures in other facilities around the world * Dike installation: – LPG spreads along the ground as it is heavier than the air. A dike is effective for prevention the spread of LPG. * As a precaution against the BLEVE phenomenon, the tank wall must be cooled by placing water showering facilities above the tank. * The Tank legs must be fire proofed. If the legs are made from iron they can be damaged by fire. * The distance between tanks is kept to prevent the spread of fires. The minimum distance is generally the diameter of the larger tank, however if possible greater distance between tanks is recommended. * Gas detectors are installed within the facility. Conclusions The Feyzin accident was a cause by human error and unsafe conditions. The accident could have been prevented if correct procedures were followed and if the plant was designed with appropriate fail safe systems such as a dike and LPG detectors. This accident lead to a greater understanding of the BLEVE phenomenon and has given future LPG companies the knowledge of its existence which has led to further research into this occurrence. Explosion of LPG tanks cause devastating damage. The companies that store and handle large volumes of LPG must consult with the local government to ensure they can communicate with the local government, inform local inhabitants and relay instructions for how to restrict traffic in case of an LPG leak. It has now become clear that the location for which the plant is located must be thoroughly studied, to ensure there is enough distance between the plant and built up areas. Without doubt future companies designing LPG refinery plants can benefit from the findings of this accident report. Glossary BLEVE – Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas